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Abstract
Isolation and classification of extremophiles and cyanobacteria are described. Seven thermophiles, belonging to Bacillus genus, five acidothermophiles, classified as Alicyclobacillus, and five halotolerant cocci, belonging to Micrococcus genus, were isolated from Antarctic samples of geothermal and saline soils. The isolates were examined for their polar lipid and fatty acid composition. Changes in membrane lipids, induced by stressed growth conditions, were analysed. The isolation of two new cyanobacteria and their polysaccharide characterization were described. The exopolysaccharide production and characterization, as well as thermophilic xylan‐degrading enzymes, were studied.