Cell division systems that account for the various arrangements and types of differentiated cells within the secondary phloem of conifers

There are two main types of arrangement of differentiated cells within the radial cell files of secondary phloem in conifer trees. In the C-type arrangement, characteristic of the Cupressaceae, fibre (F), parenchyma (P) and sieve (S) cells are arranged in recurrent groups, such as the “standard” cellular quartet (FSPS). In the P-type arrangement, characteristic of the Pinaceae, there are no fibres and one of the characteristic recurrent arrangements is the cellular sextet (PSSSSS). In addition, in both C-type and P-type arrangements, similar cell types are often organised into tangential bands. A simulation model, based on the theory of L-systems, was devised to account for the determination of these two types of regular and recurrent patterns of differentiated phloem cells. It was based on the supposition that, in the meristematic portion of the phloem domain, there are specific spatio-temporal patterns of periclinal cell division. When new cells are produced, those already present are displaced along the cell file, occupying a predictable number of cellular positions as a result of each round of cell division. Each cellular position is assumed to be associated with a specific value of a morphogen, such as the auxin, indole acetic acid, relevant for vascular differentiation. Using published quantitative data on the distribution auxin across the phloem, and assuming specific threshold values of auxin necessary for the determination of each cell type, it was found that sequences of F, S or P cells developed in accordance with the specific pattern of cell division and the related positional values of auxin experienced by the cells during their displacement through the immediately post-mitotic zone of cell determination. The model accounts not only for the typical C-type and P-type cellular arrangements, but also for certain variant arrangements. It provides a working example of the concepts of positional information and positional value for patterned differentiation within a developing plant tissue. There are similarities between the way groups of phloem cells develop and the differentiation of somites in the embryos of vertebrates.

Keywords:

• Cambium
• cell division
• cell determination
• Conifers
• L-systems
• morphogen gradients
• positional information
• positional value
• secondary phloem
• vertebrate somites