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Abstract
An overall analysis of the reproductive characteristics of the Mediterranean dioecious shrubs has been carried out and the ecological factors influencing the evolution and the adaptation of these species to the Mediterranean environment have been discussed. Although no single strategy of reproduction has been selected for this environment among all the shrubs in the flora, dioecy predominantly occurs among those shrubs which are survivors of the tropical vegetation of the Tertiary. We discuss the hypothesis that the separation of sexes, allowing energy saving in both male and female, has enhanced the survival probability of these species to the resource limited Mediterranean environment.