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Articles

SMRs in Canada: federal-provincial cooperation in pursuing net-zero emissions

 

ABSTRACT

Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in developing/deploying Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in many countries. This includes Canada which released a SMR roadmap (Fall 2018) and action plan (Fall 2020). At the provincial level, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick signed a MOU on SMRs in December 2019. Alberta later signed on. The role of federalism in the SMR case is fascinating from a number of political perspectives. It illustrates federal-provincial cooperation in the often-highly contested area of energy-environmental policy (i.e. interprovincial oil pipelines, carbon taxes, etc). For example, governments typically jealously guard their constitutional jurisdiction and political interests over energy and the environment. The fact that SMRs reveal cooperation between a Liberal federal government and four Conservative provincial governments is important. In addition, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta unsuccessfully sued Ottawa over the federal carbon tax that, like SMRs, is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector. This paper assesses the different motivations from the federal and key provincial governments to pursue SMRs. Through this process, this paper argues that the SMR case might provide a pathway for cooperation in energy-environment policy in Canada.

RÉSUMÉ

Au cours des dernières années, de nombreux pays ont manifesté un intérêt croissant pour le développement et le déploiement de petits réacteurs modulaires (PRM). Ces pays incluent le Canada qui a publié une feuille de route (automne 2018) et un plan d'action (automne 2020) sur les PRM. Au niveau provincial, l'Ontario, la Saskatchewan et le Nouveau-Brunswick ont signé un protocole d'entente sur les PRM en décembre 2019. L'Alberta s'est engagée par la suite. Le rôle du fédéralisme dans le cas des PRM est fascinant de plusieurs points de vue politiques. Il illustre la coopération fédérale-provinciale dans le domaine souvent très contesté des politiques énergétiques et environnementales (oléoducs interprovinciaux, taxe sur le carbone, etc.). Par exemple, d'une manière générale, les gouvernements gardent jalousement leurs compétences constitutionnelles et leurs intérêts politiques en matière d'énergie et d'environnement. Le fait que les PRM révèlent une coopération entre un gouvernement fédéral libéral et quatre gouvernements provinciaux conservateurs est important. En outre, l'Ontario, le Saskatchewan et l'Alberta ont poursuivi Ottawa sans succès, au sujet de la taxe fédérale sur le carbone qui, comme les PRM, est conçue pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur de l'énergie. Cet article évalue les différentes motivations du gouvernement fédéral et des principaux gouvernements provinciaux à poursuivre la mise en place des PRM. Par ce processus, il soutient que le cas des PRM pourrait ouvrir la voie à une coopération en matière de politique énergétique et environnementale au Canada.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Jeremy Whitlock, Tim Huyer, Jeremy Rayner, and Chuck Vandergraaf for their comments on an earlier draft. An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 2021 Canadian Political Science Association conference.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 India is also expanding its nuclear fleet, but is focused on traditional reactors. None of the reactors being planned are SMRs.

2 Following the re-election of the Trudeau government in October 2019, Higgs announced that New Brunswick would abandon its legal challenge and instead create its own provincial carbon tax (Poitras, Citation2019).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Duane Bratt

Duane Bratt is a Professor (political science) in the Department of Economics, Justice, and Policy Studies at Mount Royal University. His primary research interests are nuclear policy, Canadian foreign policy, and Alberta politics. Recent publications include Blue Storm: The Rise and Fall of Jason Kenney.

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