129
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

River connectivity and road crossing effects on floodplain vegetation of the upper Columbia River, Canada

&
Pages 97-107 | Received 27 Jun 2015, Accepted 16 Nov 2015, Published online: 16 Dec 2015
 

ABSTRACT

Floodplain wetlands in the upper Columbia River valley are governed by the flood pulse. Water flows from the river into adjacent wetlands through channels incised through levees or over the top of the levees. This floodplain is relatively pristine with few road crossings restricting the flow of water in a 110 km length of the floodplain. We describe the floodplain vegetation at three points over 60 years to detect natural vegetation changes and contrast that with changes downstream of roads transecting the wetlands. We mapped eight landscape cover types within 40 floodbasins and four 2 km sections downstream of road crossings at three dates, over 60 years, using historical aerial photographs. Over 60 years the area of open water increased by 77% within the wetlands, and there was a decrease of 14.5% and 40% of marsh and shrub vegetation, respectively. During this time, floodbasins became more connected to the river. We observed greater change within the natural wetlands than in sections downstream of the road crossings. Since floodplain ecosystems are inherently complex due to their highly dynamic nature, isolating specific causes of trends is difficult. However, large-scale loss of vegetation and increase in open water has dramatically changed the wetlands.

RÉSUMÉ

Les milieux humides de la plaine inondable de la vallée du cours supérieur de la rivière Columbia sont gouvernés par les poussées de crues. L’eau s’écoule de la rivière vers les milieux humides adjacents par des canaux incisés dans les levées ou par-dessus les levées. Cette plaine inondable est relativement intacte sur une portion de 110 km où peu de routes empêchent l’écoulement de l’eau. Nous décrivons la végétation de la plaine inondable à trois moments sur une période de 60 ans pour détecter des changements naturels de la végétation. Nous comparons ces changements avec ceux qui sont survenus en aval des endroits où des routes croisent les milieux humides. Nous avons utilisé des photographies aériennes historiques pour cartographier huit types de couvert dans 40 bassins de crue et quatre sections de 2 km en aval de croisements de routes, et ce, pour trois dates au cours des 60 dernières années. Durant cette période, la superficie d’eau libre a augmenté de 77% dans les milieux humides, tandis que les végétations marécageuses et arbustives ont respectivement diminué de 14,5% et 40%. Les bassins de crue sont devenus plus connectés à la rivière durant cette période. Nous avons observé des changements plus importants dans les milieux humides naturels que dans les sections en aval de croisements de routes. Il est difficile d’isoler les causes spécifiques de ces tendances en raison de la complexité inhérente aux écosystèmes hautement dynamiques que sont les plaines inondables. Néanmoins, la diminution à grande échelle du couvert végétal au profit d’étendues d’eau libre a causé des changements marqués des milieux humides.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Bob Jaimeson, Paul Galbraith, Kindy Gosal, Heather Mitchell, the Columbia Wetlands Stewardship Partners, Columbia Basin Trust, The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant and the East Kootenay Local Conservation Fund. The authors would also like to thank Peter Holmes of the BC Ministry of Environment and Kristen Delory of the National Air Photo Library. The Geographic Information System advice from Kevin Misurak and Charlene Neilson was invaluable. The authors are grateful for the great work by E. McKenzie and C. Buelow.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.