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Original Articles

Sugar maple tree canopies as reservoirs for arthropod functional diversity in forest patches across a fragmented agricultural landscape in southern Quebec, Canada

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Pages 1-12 | Received 28 Oct 2015, Accepted 17 May 2016, Published online: 26 Jul 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Forest fragments and their tree canopies may act as important reservoirs for biodiversity, but their role in supporting diversity is poorly understood in the context of their spatial arrangement. We examine the influence of landscape configuration and location within forest patches (e.g. canopy, edge or patch interior) on patterns of arthropod biodiversity associated with sugar maple trees across an agricultural landscape in southern Quebec (Canada). We sampled arthropods from sugar maples in 20 sugar maple–beech-dominated forest patches that varied in size and isolation from other forest patches. Within each patch, arthropods were collected in the interior, edge and canopy of patches over two seasons. Size and isolation of forest patches did not affect arthropod family or functional group diversity, but patch canopies supported a higher diversity than understories. Both configuration and within-patch location affected taxonomic and functional composition of arthropods. For example, phytophages and saprophages were found in greatest abundance in canopies and large patches, while entomophages were in highest abundance in interiors. We conclude that even in relatively small (e.g. 5–10 ha) forest patches, canopies are providing critical reservoirs for arthropod diversity, and draw our attention to the conservation value of small patches in fragmented forest landscapes.

RÉSUMÉ

Les fragments forestiers et leurs canopées arborescentes peuvent être d'importants réservoirs de biodiversité, mais leur rôle à cet égard est mal connu dans le contexte de leur répartition spatiale. Nous avons examiné l'influence de la configuration du paysage et de la localisation à l'intérieur d'une parcelle forestière (p. ex. : dans la canopée, à la bordure, à l'intérieur) sur les patrons de biodiversité des arthropodes associés à l'érable à sucre dans un paysage agricole du sud du Québec (Canada). Nous avons échantillonné les arthropodes d'érables à sucre dans 20 parcelles forestières qui variaient en taille et en isolation relative et qui étaient dominées par l'érable et le hêtre. Dans chaque parcelle, les arthropodes ont été collectés à l'intérieur, en bordure et dans la canopée durant deux saisons. La taille et le degré d'isolation des parcelles n'avaient pas d'effet sur la diversité des familles ou des groupes fonctionnels d'arthropodes, mais la canopée avait une diversité plus élevée que le sous-couvert. La configuration des parcelles et la localisation à l'intérieur des parcelles avaient un effet sur la composition taxinomique et fonctionnelle des arthropodes. Par exemple, les phytophages et les saprophages étaient plus abondants dans la canopée et les grandes parcelles, alors que les entomophages étaient plus abondants à l'intérieur des parcelles. Nous concluons que même dans les parcelles relativement petites (p. ex. : 5-10 ha), la canopée fournit un réservoir critique de diversité d'arthropodes, ce qui attire l'attention sur la valeur de conservation des petites parcelles dans les paysages forestiers fragmentés.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Melissa Nolan, Thomas Nicole, Camille Coulaud and other volunteers for fieldwork and sample processing, as well as David Maneli and staff of Gault Nature Reserve (Mont St. Hilaire). A special thanks to the landowners throughout the Montérégie who graciously granted access to their properties. For advice regarding statistics, the authors thank Dr Guillaume Laroque at the Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, as well as Dr Laura L Timms and Dr Steven C Walker.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2016.1192010.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by a McGill University Tomlinson Fellowship in Forest Ecology (to D.Y.M.), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Undergraduate Student Research Award Scholarship (to Thomas Nicole), a NSERC Strategic Projects Grant (to E.M.B.) and a NSERC Discovery Grant (to C.M.B.).

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