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ABSTRACT
Apoptosis is a type of physiological cell death, which occurs during development, normal tissue homeostasis or as a result of different cellular insults. Apoptosis is a major barrier to oncogenesis. The p53 tumor-suppressor protein is a key regulator of apoptosis and cancerogenesis. Two major apoptotic pathways, the extrinsic “death” receptors signalling pathway and the intrinsic “mitochondria” pathway, as well as the Bcl-2 family members and caspases family members are described. The p53 tumor-suppressor protein can intervene at every major step in apoptotic pathways. Activation of p53 by ARF-Mdm2-p53 signalling pathway and ATM-ATR-p53 signaling pathway in result of DNA damage and the factors that neutralize the function of p53 or activate antiapoptotic components of apoptotic pathways or provoke overexpression of inhibitors of apoptosis are discussed. Restoring or activating apoptosis in tumors is an active area of cancer research.
