Landscape pattern and sustainability of a 1300-year-old agricultural landscape in subtropical mountain areas, Southwestern China

Abstract

The Hani terrace landscape located in the mountainous areas of Southwestern China has a history of 1300 years and is a classic example of human–environment harmony. This study investigates the spatial distribution and pattern characteristics of land cover in the landscape using geographical information system and remote-sensing techniques. With the synthetic consideration of both physical and cultural factors, the ecological stability of the landscape was discussed. The results showed that ‘terrace’ and ‘forest’ are dominant in the landscape accounting for 43.80% and 44.90% of the total area, respectively. A clear vertical land-cover distribution of ‘higher forest–middle village–lower terrace–lowest river’ can be found on steep slopes. The local climate and its variation with elevation are essential for the stable local water cycle, and the spatial layout of the landscape elements allows for effective material and energy flow within the landscape. Moreover, the obligatory forest and water resource conservation due to the unique history and culture of Hani adds a social layer of protection. The sustainable development of the Hani landscape is expected to provide valuable insights for the present land and environmental management.

Keywords:

• landscape pattern
• landscape stability
• Hani terrace
• traditional ethnical culture
• human–nature interaction
• geographical information system
• China

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and was partially funded by Key Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation (2001DFDF0004), the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, NO. 30700098, NO. 30970188) and the Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. Y507207). The authors would like to thank Mrs. Zhang Hongzhen who is the director of Association of Hani Terrace Conservation and Development, Mr. Lu Chaogui who is a local famous Hani traditional culture scholar, Mr. Fu Yongshou who is one of the few Hani PhDs and Professor from Yunnan Arts University, Mrs. Qian Jie who is the director of Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge and Professor Ouyang Hua, Dr. Zhou Caiping and Mrs. Wang Qunli who are ecologists from Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, for their help and cooperation on data collection and field investigation.