Learning as democratic action and communication: framing Danish and Swedish environmental and sustainability education

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Notes

1. ESD is a contested concept (e.g., Jickling and Wals 2007). However, despite the UN Decade for ESD it can be seen as a general concept, not restricted to a UNESCO approach, which is interpreted and negotiated in many different ways. In this special issue we use environmental and sustainability education as an overall umbrella concept for the field of research and practice, and specify ESD where this abbreviation is used locally. We return to the characteristics of the ways ESD is approached in Scandinavia later in the editorial.