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Articles

The impact of skilled immigrants on their local teammates’ performance

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ABSTRACT

We use the Bosman ruling, which invalidated restrictions on the maximum number of foreign players allowed on professional football teams, to identify a causal positive impact of foreign players in German Bundesliga clubs on the individual performance of their domestic teammates.

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Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 Other studies that also use soccer data for their empirical analyses include, for instance, Szymanski (Citation2000), Apesteguia and Palacios-Huerta (Citation2010) and Miklós-Thal and Ullrich (Citation2016).

2 We cross-checked the information we use for a random sample of players on various websites and found the data we use to be identical across these websites.

3 Results are robust but lose their statistical significance if players with fewer than five games per season are included. Forty players participated in less than 10 games per season.

4 See EuGH, D.f. 15.12.1995, C-415/93.

5 Averaging over the season helps to reduce noise and subjective influence of individual experts’ performance ratings. The same performance measure has been used in other studies, for example, Miklós-Thal and Ullrich (Citation2016).

6 The performance index consists of variables that significantly influence the final score of a match, including number of goals; assists; pass success rate; cross success rate; dribbling success rate; shots on target; red cards; yellow cards; clearances, blocks and interceptions; and the saves-to-shots ratio by the goalkeeper (Franck and Nüesch Citation2010). Unfortunately, this measure is not available for the period of our study.

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