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Abstract
Disability history is a diverse field. In focusing on children within deaf education in late nineteenth-century Scotland, this essay reflects some of that diversity. In 1880, the International Congress on the Education of the Deaf in Milan stipulated that speech should have ‘preference’ over signs in the education of deaf children. The mode of achieving this, however, effectively banned sign language. Endeavours to teach deaf children to articulate were not new, but this decision placed pressures on deaf institutions to favour the oral system of deaf communication over other methods. In Scotland efforts were made to adopt oralism, and yet educators were faced with the reality that this was not good educational practice for most pupils. This article will consider responses of Scottish educators of deaf children from the 1870s until the beginning of the twentieth century.
résumé: L'histoire des handicaps est un domaine varié et cet article, en se penchant sur l'éducation des malentendants en Écosse à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, reflète cette diversité. Le congrès de Milan sur l'éducation des sourds stipulait que l'apprentissage de la parole devrait être privilégié sur celui des signes. Cette décision de privilégier le langage articulé, en lui-même ancien en temps que méthode, mit une pression certaine sur les écoles spécialisées. En Écosse les écoles s'efforcèrent d'y parvenir tout en reconnaissant l'infériorité pédagogique de cette méthode. Cet article analyse leurs réponses face à ce dilemme entre 1870 et le début du vingtième siècle.
Notes
[1] CitationScouten, Turning Points in The education of Deaf People, 203; Brian CitationGrant, The Deaf Advance, 8.
[2] CitationWeygand, “From Charity to Citizenship”.
[3] Kyle and Woll, Sign Language, 38.
[4] CitationLane, When the Mind Hears, 106.
[5] Kyle and Woll, 38.
[6] CitationJohnson, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, 381.
[7] CitationBender, The Conquest of Deafness, 108; Scouten, 54.
[8] CitationBranson and Miller, Damned for Their Difference, 110–11.
[9] CitationMcMillan, “Changing Standards of Education, 1950 to 1990: Using Statistics to Test Historical Myths.” Deaf History Review 1 (2004).
[10] CitationMontgomery, Silent Destiny, 28.
[11] CitationKyle and Woll, 40–41.
[12] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education in Scotland, 1760–1939”, 105.
[13] Watson, “A History of Deaf Eucation”, 149–50.
[14] Watson, The Education of Handicapped Hearing Children, 189.
[15] McMillan, “Changing Standards of Education, 1950 to 1990”.
[16] CitationCheckland, Philanthropy in Victorian Scotland, 273.
[17] CitationWhetnall, Learning to Hear, 2.
[18] CitationLadd, “Communication or Dummification”, 46.
[19] CitationSmith, The City Silent, 122.
[20] CitationSacks, Seeing Voices, 27.
[21] CitationBaynton, “‘Savages and Deaf Mutes’”, 108.
[22] CitationMorgan and Trainor, “The Dominant Classes”, 122, 129.
[23] Smith, 122; Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 105.
[24] McMillan, “Changing Standards of Education, 1950 to 1990”.
[25] Branson and Miller, 124.
[26] Branson and Miller, 127.
[27] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 102.
[28] Kyle and Woll, 42.
[29] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 100–101.
[30] Checkland, 270.
[31] Checkland, 270.
[32] Checkland, 268. Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 153.
[33] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 102.
[34] AUA, ADDI, “Account of the General Institution…, July 1, 1821”, 14.
[35] Fischer and Lane, Looking Back, 441.
[36] CitationRée, I See a Voice, 197.
[37] CitationEriksson, History of Deaf People, 59.
[38] CitationFischer and Lane, 441.
[39] CitationLaurent Clerc, “Autobiography”, 4.
[40] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education ”, 77.
[41] AUA, ADDI, “Minute Book, 1877”. 8 January 1877
[42] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 102.
[43] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 78.
[44] AUA, ADDI, “Report from Alexander Pender, November 1883”.
[45] AUA, ADDI, “Report from Alexander Pender”.
[46] AUA, ADDI, “Report from Alexander Pender”.
[47] AUA, ADDI, “Annual Report, 1885”, 3.
[48] AUA, ADDI, “Annual Report, 1885”, 7.
[49] AUA, ADDI, “Annual Report, 1886”, 7.
[50] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1872”, 9.
[51] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1877”, 7.
[52] GIDD, “Annual Report, 1877”, 7.
[53] GIDD, “Annual Report, 1877”, 8.
[54] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1878”, 5.
[55] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1880”, 4.
[56] Anon, “Articulation and Lip-reading”, Glasgow Herald, 17 April 1879.
[57] GIDD, “Annual Report, 1880”, 5.
[58] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1881”, 6–7.
[59] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1884”, 9 (original emphasis).
[60] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1884”, 12.
[61] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1888”, 9; Iain CitationHutchison, “Child disability in Scotland, c.1872–c.1914”, 30–31.
[62] NLS, CitationERIEDDC, “Annual Report, 1872”, 8–9.
[63] NLS, CitationERIEDDC, “Annual Report, 1880”, 7.
[64] NLS, CitationERIEDCC, “Annual Report, 1881”, 8.
[65] CitationMcLoughlin, History of Education of the Deaf in England, 9.
[66] NLS, ERIEDCC, “Annual Report, 1886”, 9.
[67] NLS, ERIEDCC, “Annual Report, 1886”, 9.
[68] NLS, “Donaldson's Hospital, Minute Book, Citation1861–1888”, 494.
[69] CitationPhilip, “Donaldson's Hospital, the first fifty years”, 78.
[70] Philip, “Donaldson's Hospital”, 80.
[71] Philip, “Donaldson's Hospital”, 80–81.
[72] Montgomery, 27.
[73] Montgomery, 28.
[74] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching in response to requests from CitationAberdeen Deaf and Dumb Institution, 1903”.
[75] AGA, “CitationSmyllum Orphanage, Annual Report, 1889”, 8.
[76] Checkland, 271.
[77] CitationWatson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 83.
[78] CitationBell, “The Question of Sign-Language and the Utility of Signs in the Instruction of the Deaf”, 121, 120, 114, 119.
[79] CitationBurch, “Reading between the Signs”, 216.
[80] CitationWatson, Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 84; Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 84.
[81] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 84.
[82] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 84.
[83] Checkland, 271.
[84] CitationMaxwell, “School Board and Pupil Welfare: Govan School Board 1873–1919”, 130.
[85] Maxwell, “School Board and Pupil Welfare”, 125.
[86] Watson, “A History of Deaf Education”, 85.
[87] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1886”, 5.
[88] CitationMitchell, School Board of Glasgow, 13.
[89] AGA, “CitationLetter from Sister Teresa Farrell to the Archbishop, 14 Sep 1908”.
[90] CitationAnderson, Scottish Education since the Reformation, 25.
[91] CitationCorr, “An Exploration into Scottish Education”, 307.
[92] CitationERIEDDC, “Annual Report, 1870”, 7.
[93] CitationERIEDDC, “Annual Report, 1891”, 11.
[94] GDDI, “Annual Report, 1872”, 9.
[95] CitationERIEDDC, “Annual Report, 1888”, 9.
[96] NLS, “Donaldson's Hospital, Minute Book, 1861–1888”, 480.
[97] CitationAddison, The Present State of Deaf Mute Education, 6.
[98] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee appointed by the Directors…, 1914”.
[99] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee”.
[100] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee”.
[101] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee”.
[102] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee”.
[103] AUA, CitationADDI, “Report by the Committee”.
[104] CitationGIDD, “Report submitted to the Directors of the Glasgow Institution…, 1896”, 15–16.
[105] CitationAddison, Glasgow Society for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, 8.
[106] CitationLove, Plea for the Study of the Deaf Child, 6, 8, 12.
[107] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1912”, 6–7.
[108] CitationGIDD, “Annual Report, 1908”, 6.
[109] Addison, The Present State of Deaf Mute Education, 8, 5. The figures compiled by Addison indicate that 549 children were attending schools for the deaf in 1895, 284 boys and 265 girls.
[110] Addison, The Present State of Deaf Mute Education, 6–8.
[111] CitationLove, “On the limits of hearing”; Love, Plea for the Study of the Deaf Child, 5, 6.
[112] Branson and Miller, 161, 255–57.
[113] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching in response to requests from Aberdeen Deaf and Dumb Institution, 1903”.
[114] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching”.
[115] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching”.
[116] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching”.
[117] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching”.
[118] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching”.
[119] AUA, ADDI, “Report on Methods of Teaching” (original emphasis).
[120] CitationLadd, “Deaf Culture: Finding It and Nurturing It”, 12.
[121] Douglas C. CitationBaynton, Forbidden Signs, 9.
[122] CitationWatson, The Education of Hearing-handicapped Children, 11–14.
[123] CitationDepartment of Education and Science, The Education of Deaf Children, 58.
[124] Department of Education and Science, 89.
[125] Woll, “Development of signed and spoken languages”, 66.
[126] CitationWatson, “Oralism—current policy and practice”, 76.
[127] CitationHay, “Courtesy, Humour and Adjustment to a Mad World”, 32.