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Abstract
The Serbian collaborationist administration, The Council of Commissaries and National Salvation's Government, between May 1941 and October 1944 in shaping its political programme and ideology mixed ultraconservative nationalism with elements of domestic version of fascist, authoritarian ‘sociology’. The main elements were mythologisation of the village and patriarchal life in the rural extended family community, as the only acceptable model for the spiritual and political ‘renaissance’ of Serbia – an authoritarian, ‘organic’, peasant state – as a future member of German New European Order. General Nedic from the end of August 1941 head of the National Salvation's Government presented to the German authorities, in January 1943, his ambitious and detailed plan for the reorganisation of the domestic political system, based on these ideas, which Berlin resolutely rejected.
Notes
1. CitationOlshausen, Zwischenspiel af dem Balkan, 153–62, 208–22. CitationSchlarp, Wirtschaft und Besatzung in Serbien 1941–1944, 90–8; CitationMarjanović, “2The German Occupation System in Serbia in 1941”, 273.
2. Principles of Yugoslavia's partition were set by Hitler on 27 March 1941. They have been worked out in a ‘Generalplan zur Verwaltung des jugoslawischen Gebietes’ of 6 April and the so-called ‘Richtlinien’ of 12 April. These documents were the basis for further negotiation by Germany with its allies at a conference in Vienna (21 and 22 April 1941); CitationČulinović, Okupatorska podjela Jugoslavije, 61–73.
3. On the refugee problem in Serbia see: CitationMilošević,; Olshausen, Zwischenspiel auf dem Balkan…, 222–33.
4. On the problem of collaboration in Serbia see: CitationBožović and Stefanović, Milan Aćimović, Dragi Citation Jovanović , Dimitrije Ljotić; Božović, Belgrade pod komesarskom upravom; CitationBorković, Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji. Kvislinška uprava 1941–1944; CitationKreso, Njemačka okupaciona uprava u Belgradeu 1941–1944; CitationPetranović, Revolucija i kontrarevolucija u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945 (Revolution and counterrevolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945); CitationRistović, “General M. Nedić–Diktatur, Kollaboration und die patriarchalische Gesellschaft Serbiens 1941–1944”, 633–87; CitationRistović, “Kolaboracija u Srbiji u Drugom svetskom ratu: Istoriografski i (ili) politički problem”, 10–25; CitationStefanović, Zbor Dimitrija Ljotića 1934–1945.
5. Schlarp, Wirtschaft und Besätzung in Serbien, 342; CitationVeg, “Sistem nemačke okupacione vlasti u Banatu”, 76–8.
6. File CitationHermann Neubacher, in Vojni Arhiv Belgrade (VA = Military Archive, Belgrade), Nemačka arhiva (German Archive).
7. CitationWehler, “Reichsfestung Belgrad”.
8. CitationLaak-Michel, Albrecht Haushofer und der Nationalsozialismus, 242 ff.
9. CitationMarjanović, 277.
10. Kreso, Njemačka okupaciona uprava u Belgradeu 1941–1944, 79–82; Schlarp, 114–15.
11. On the conflict between Turner's and Meysner's positions see: Schlarp, 124–5, and CitationBrowning, “Harald Turner und die Militärverwaltung in Serbien 1941–1942”, 551–73.
12. CitationVišnjić, “Nemački okupacioni sistem u Srbiji 1941. godine”, 84–92; Schlarp, 124–5.
13. “Novo vreme,” no. 1, 16 May 1941; Čulinović, Okupatorska podjela, 407; Borković, Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji. Kvislinška uprava 1941–1944, 34.
14. Borković, 28–37. CitationPetranović, Srbija u Drugom svetskom ratu 1939–1945, 135.
15. Božović, Belgrade pod komesarskom upravom, 95–118.
16. Felix Benzler was Bevollmächtigten des Auswärtigen Amt; Olshausen, Zwischenspiel auf dem Balkan, 135.
17. CitationKostić, Za istoriju naših dana, 19; Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 1, 30–1;
18. General Milan Nedić (1877–1946), was in high command positions in the Serbian and Yugoslav army. He was defence minister 1939–1940, but in the autumn of 1940 was retired because of his conflict with Prince Regent Paul. He was returned to active service at the beginning of war in 1941. He was captured, but was not taken prisoner of war like other high Yugoslav Army officers but placed under house arrest in Belgrade.
19. Declaration of the National Salvation Government. In CitationCvijić and Vasović, Milan Å. Nedić, Život, govori, saslušanja, 17; ibid., “Message to the Serbian people”, 4 December 1941, 35–6.
20. Marjanović, Ustanak i narodnooslobodilački pokret u Srbiji 1941, 264–5; CitationManoschek, “Serbien ist judenfrei”, 155–66, 168.
21. See note 19, Marjanović, Ustanak i narodnooslobodilački pokret u Srbiji 1941, 264–5; Manoschek, “Serbien ist judenfrei”, 155–66, 168
22. Address to the prisoners of war. In Cvijić and Vasović, Milan D. Nedić, 14 March 1942, 52.
23. Second message to the peasants. In Cvijić and Vasović, Milan D. Nedić, 18 January 1942, 38. This is the point his defenders particularly insist on even today; CitationKrakov, Milan Å. Nedić, Vol. I, 133–4.
24. Krakov, Milan D. Nedić, 138, quotes Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of 8 November 1940, where Nedić at the time of his removal from the position of defence minister was accused of being “a personification of Serbian chauvinism and an opponent of Yugoslavia's closer ties with the Axis powers”!
25. Concerning D. Ljotić, see CitationGligorijević, “Politički pokreti i grupe sa nacional–socijalističkom ideologijom i njihova fuzija u Ljotićevom ‘Zboru’”, 35–83; Stefanović, “Zbor” Dimitrija Ljotića 1934–1945; CitationBojić, Jugoslovenski narodni pokret “Zbor” 1935–1945; CitationAvakumović, “Yugoslavia's Fascist Movements.” In Native Fascism in the Successor States 1918–1945, ed. Peter Sugar. Santa Barbara, CA, 1971.
26. Stanislav Krakov, 1895–1968. In 1941–1944 he was editor of “Novo vreme”, “Obnova”, “Zapisi”; CitationBerec, “O heroju ili ko je bio Stanislav Krakov”, Vol. II, 499–502.
27. Borković, Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji, Vol. I, 87–115.
28. CitationSundhaussen, “Okupation, Kollaboration und Widerstand in den Landern Jugoslawiens 1941–1945”, 362.
29. Marjanović, 274; Jovanović, Seljaštvo Srbije u Drugom svetskom ratu 1941–1945, 10; CitationDimić, Kulturna politika Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1918–1941, Vol. I, 21–169. According to J. Marjanović's data, the social structure of Serbia 1941 was composed of (in thousands): “Workers and apprentices. 418,116; Civil servants, pensioners, etc, 416,189; Agriculturists 3,101,913; Artisans and tradespeople 116,869; Liberal professions, private pensioners and persons with unknown occupations 116,869; Marjanović, 274.
30. Domaćin – a patriarch, head of the patriarchal, traditional rural extended family (zadruga), from the Serbian word dom (home).
31. Cvijić and Vasović, 17.
32. Call to the Peasants. In Cvijić and Vasović, 26–9.
33. It should be noted that similar rhetoric is found with the royalist-nationalist Chetnik movement of General Mihailović, who was from December 1941 minister of the Yugoslav Government in Exile.
34. Petranović, Srbija, 464, 465.
35. Do not leave the villages. In Cvijić and Vasović, 10 May 1942, 63–5.
36. Message to the Workers. In Cvijić and Vasović, 8 February 1942, 42.
37. V. Jonić, Problems of our spiritual orientation (texts of the lectures), September 1942. In: VA, Nedić Archive, k 34, No. 12.
38. Cincars (Aromuns, Aromanians) – an old Balkan, Romanised ethnic group, which migrated from the territories around the Pindus mountains, Greek Macedonia and Epirus toward Balkan urban centres, assimilating very soon into the majority environment. They were mainly merchants and craftsmen.
39. V. Jonić, Problem of our spiritual orientation (texts of the lectures), September 1942. In: VA, Nedić Archive, k 34, No. 12.
40. See CitationBergmann, Agrarromantik und Großstadtfeindscahft, 33, 38–49ff; CitationRosenberg, Der Mythos der 20. Jahrhunderts, 298, 532, 550 f; CitationSchorske, “The Idea of the City in European Thought: from Voltaire to Spengler”, 37–55.
41. Which was the case of the leading ideologist of the Serbian Socialist Movement in the second half of the nineteenth century, Svetozar Marković (1846–1875).
42. CitationRadu, The Sword of the Archangel, 166 ff.
43. “Last Warning to the Serbian People.” In Cvijić and Vasović, 15 September 1941.
44. On the Occasion of Tito–Churchill alliance.” In Cvijić and Vasović, 12 June 1944, 174.
45. CitationRadić, “Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva u Drugom svetskom ratu”, 203–18.
46. Nedić's speech on Radio Belgrade 27 March 1944. In Cvijić and Vasović, 159. See also V. Jonić, “Problemi…”. In VA, Na, k 34, No. 12.
47. See CitationRichtman-Augustin, Struktura tradicionalnog mišljenja.
48. “Message to the Workers.” In Cvijić and Vasović, 42; Stefanović, Zbor, 212.
49. V. Jonić, “Problemi…”. In VA, Na, k 34, Nr. 12.
50. CitationVasiljević, Čovek i zajednica. Osnovi savremene sociologije.
51. CitationVasiljević, “Sociološko u srpskoj narodnoj književnosti” (Sociological in Serbian national literature); CitationSubotić, Organska misao Srba u XIX I XX veku, 126; ibid., “Sociološka shvatanja srpskog naroda” (Sociological comprehensions of the Serbian people); Subotić, Organska misao Srba u XIX I XX veku, 134.
52. CitationMitrović, Jugoslavenska predratna sociologija, 95–8.
53. Vasiljević, Čovek i zajednica… 361; CitationKuljić, Fašizam, 238, 239.
54. Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 1, 230–44, 307–73 ff.
55. Borković, Kotrarevolucija, Vol. 1, 150–73; Petranović, Srbija, 415–19; Manoschek, “Serbien ist Judenfrei”, 40–8, 111.
56. “Begründung der volksgemeinschaftlichen Organisierung. Volksgemenischaft.” In Bundes Archiv-Militärachiv Freiburg (BA-MA), RW 40/93. Serbische Regierung, Nr. 61. Also, see Petranović, Srbija, 473.
57. Veselinović, M. “Srpski seljak u novoj Evropi” (The Serbian peasant in New Europe), end of 1942. In VA, Na, k 1, No. 171/1–1; Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 2, 33, 34.
58. “Begründung der volksgemeinschaftlichen Organisierung. Volksgemenischaft.” In Bundes Archiv-Militärachiv Freiburg (BA-MA), RW 40/93. Serbische Regierung, No. 61.
59. “Begründung der volksgemeinschaftlichen Organisierung. Volksgemenischaft.” In Bundes Archiv-Militärachiv Freiburg (BA-MA), RW 40/93. Serbische Regierung, No. 61 Also, Stefanović, “Zbor” Dimitrije Ljotića, 84–97.
60. “Begründung der volksgemeinschaftlichen Organisierung. Volksgemenischaft.” In Bundes Archiv-Militärachiv Freiburg (BA-MA), RW 40/93. Serbische Regierung, No. 61. Also, Stefanović, “Zbor” Dimitrije Ljotića, 84–97
61. “Reorganisation des öfentlichen Lebens und der öfentlichen Verwaltung in Serbien, Belgrad 22. Januar 1943. In BA-MA, RW 40/93.
62. Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 2, 49f.
63. “Reorganisation des öfentlichen Lebens und der öfentlichen Verwaltung in Serbien, Belgrad 22. Januar 1943. In: BA-MA, RW 40/93.
64. Der Höhere SS-und Polizeifährer Serbien, Tgb. Nr. 48/43, geh., an den Kommandierenden Gegeral und Befelshaber in Serbien, Belgrad, 15. januar 1943. In BA-MA, RW, 40/93.
65. Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 2, 44.
66. Stojadinović “hat in München studiert, in Bayern als Referendar praktiziert, perfekt Bier trinken gelernt und kann sich dacher in Deutschland wie ein Deutscher bewegen!”; Neubacher, Sonder-Auftrag Sudost, 1940–1945, 136. About Milan Stojadinović, see CitationStojkov, Vlada Milana Stojadinovića 1935–1937.
67. Geheime Reichssache, Reichsführer SS an H. Turner, 23 august 1942. In BA-MA, 40/79.
68. Borković, Kontrarevolucija, Vol. 2, 341–78.
69. Les Systèmes D'occupation en Yougoslavie 1941–1945, Institut za radnički pokret, Belgrade, 1963, 10, 14.