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ABSTRACT
In November 1630 the Treaty of Madrid was signed between Philip IV, king of Spain, and Charles I, king of England. During the peace negotiations several pamphlets critical of the pro-Spanish policy of Charles I were printed in England. These publications contributed to the development of an increasing criticism of Charles I, by identifying his neutral European policy with pro-Spanish policies. The anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic rhetoric, which formed the basis of this criticism, was used to promote an aggressive foreign policy and consequently an active opposition to the king. The following pamphlets are discussed in this paper: Considerations Touching a Warre with Spaine; The Merchandises of Popish Priests; The English Spanish Pilgrim; Further Observations of the English Spanish Pilgrim; The Practise of Princes; The Present Estate of Spayne; and Three Severall Treatises Concerning the Truce.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grant FPU 14/02639 and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Business under the project ‘Conformar la Monarquía Hispánica: cultura política y prácticas dinásticas en los siglos XVI y XVII’ (ref. HAR2016-76214P).
Notes
1. Calendar of State Papers Venice [CSP Ven.], n. 275, report from Giovanni Soranzo to the Doge and Senate, London, 2 November 1629. Also cited in Turner, “La segunda embajada.”
2. CSP Ven., n. 275, report from Giovanni Soranzo to the Doge and Senate, London, 2 November 1629.
3. Sharpe, “Representations and Negotiations.”
4. Sharpe, Image Wars, xiii, 125.
5. Cogswell, “The Politics of Propaganda.”
6. Schmidt, Spanische Universalmonarchie, 17.
7. Álvarez García, “Dar cuenta de la verdad.” An edition of the news related to the attack on Cadiz is being prepared by the author.
8. Compare some of the most famous anti-Habsburg pamphlets of the 1620s, such as Scott, Vox Populi, with the pamphlets discussed in this paper. For a discussion on publicity on the Spanish Match see van Eerde, “The Spanish Match” and Helmers, “The Spanish Match.”
9. Cogswell, The Blessed Revolution; Cogswell, Cust, and Lake, Politics, Religion and Popularity; Cogswell, “The Politics of Propaganda”; Holmes, Why was Charles I Executed?
10. Schleck, “Fair and Balanced.”
11. AGS, Estado, leg. 2519, letter from Carlos Coloma, London, 17 April 1630.
12. Schleck, “Fair and Balanced”; Peacey, “Print and Public Politics“.
13. der Weduwen, Dutch and Flemish, 1: 85–7; Wilson, Europe’s Tragedy; Pettegree, The Invention of News; Schmidt, Spanische Universalmonarchie; Cogswell, “The Politics of Propaganda.”
14. Sharpe, The Personal Rule, 647.
15. Sharpe, The Personal Rule, 69.
16. Marks, “England, the English.”
17. Reeve, Charles I, 246.
18. Sharpe, The Personal Rule, 67.
19. Archives Générales du Royaume de Belgique [AGRB], Secrétairerie d’État et Guerre [SEG], reg. 196, f. 12, order to Isabella Clara Eugenia to carry on peace negotiations with England, Madrid, 24 February 1627.
20. AGRB, SEG, reg. 196, f. 12, order to Isabella Clara Eugenia to carry on peace negotiations with England, Madrid, 24 February 1627.
21. Sharpe, Image Wars, 143, 191 (italics in the original text).
22. Kagan, “Imágenes y política.”
23. Vergara, Rubens.
24. Reeve, Charles I, 246.
25. Reeve, Charles I, 241.
26. AGRB, SEG, reg. 199, f. 86, Philip IV to Isabella Clara Eugenia, Madrid, 18 August 1628.
27. Archivo General de Simancas, Estado, K. 1443, letter from Cardinal de la Cueva, Brussels, 27 February 1627.
28. AGRB, Manuscrits Divers, reg. 214, f. 78, Philip IV to Isabella Clara Eugenia, 18 December 1628.
29. AGRB, SEG, reg. 203, f. 262, Isabella Clara Eugenia to Philip IV, Brussels, 10 October 1630.
30. Rees and Wakely, “A Brief History.”
31. Dahl, A Bibliography. The only remaining issues from the years 1630–1 correspond to the months of July and November 1630.
32. Manzo, “Utopian Science.”
33. Desgraves, Répértoire, 1: 65.
34. Sayle, Early English, 1: 359; STC, 5062.
35. van Eerde, “The Spanish Match.”
36. Loomie, “James Wadsworth,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [ODNB] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
37. Matar, “English Accounts.”
38. Milton, “Licensing, Censorship,” 641.
39. Sprunger, Trumpets from The Tower, 162.
40. Wadsworth, The English Spanish Pilgrime, Dedicatory.
41. Wadsworth, The Spanish Pilgrime.
42. Samson, “Luis de Granadaˮ; Samson, “Lazarillo de Tormes”; E. Campos, “Imperial Lexicography.”
43. Loomie, “James Wadsworth,” in ODNB.
44. Sharpe, Image Wars, 267.
45. Sprunger, Trumpets from The Tower, 85.
46. Akkerman, ed., The Correspondence.
47. Reeve, Charles I, 250.
48. Reeve, Charles I, 236.
49. Reeve, Charles I, 236.
50. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
51. Löwenstein and Müller, The Cambridge History, 477.
52. West-Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 15.
53. Bacon, Considerations Touching a Warre. Cited in Peltonen, “Politics and Science.”
54. Schmidt, Spanische Universalmonarchie.
55. Religion the most sacred power on Earth, 1623, in Early Stuart Libel [ESL], ed. Bellany and McRae.
56. Oh honoured England how art thou disgracd [1624] and Why? What meanes this? England & Spaine alike [n. d.], in ESL.
57. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
58. Chassanion, The Merchandises of Popish Priests.
59. Chassanion, The Merchandises of Popish Priests.
60. Chassanion, The Merchandises of Popish Priests.
61. Chassanion, The Merchandises of Popish Priests.
62. Wadsworth, The English Spanish Pilgrime, 28.
63. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
64. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
65. Smuts, “The Puritan Followers.”
66. Bacon, Considerations Touching a Warre.
67. Fowler, “Bacon, Francis,” Dictionary of National Biography (London: Smith – Elder, 1885–1900), 2: 328–60.
68. Bacon, Considerations Touching a Warre, 1.
69. Schmidt, Spanische Universalmonarchie, 21.
70. For a discussion on Bacon’s identification of a just war against Spain, see: White, Peace among The Willows, 89–91; Peltonen, “Politics and Science.”
71. Bacon, Considerations Touching a Warre, 21.
72. West Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 20
73. West Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 13.
74. Lesaffer, ed., The Twelve Years; García García, dir., Tiempo de paces; García García, Herrero Sánchez and Hugon, ed., El arte de la prudencia. On the images of the truce, see: Dlugaiczyk, Der Waffenstillstand.
75. West Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 21.
76. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
77. Sommerville, Royalists and Patriots.
78. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
79. West Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 28.
80. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
81. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
82. AGRB, SEG, reg. 363, summary of the declaration of the House of Commons about the causes of the ruin of the religion, London, 1 January 1622. Although this is the date stated in the document, the declaration was made in December 1621.
83. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
84. McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage.
85. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
86. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
87. West Indies Company, Three Severall Treatises, 13.
88. Woolf, “News, History.”
89. Hammer, “Myth-Making.”
90. A very interesting and detailed account of the origin and circulation of The Forerunner of Revenge is given in Bellany and Cogswell, The Murder.
91. Ar., The Practise of Princes.
92. CSP Ven., no. 343, report from Giovanni Soranzo to the Doge and Senate, 18 January 1630. Cited in Turner, “La segunda embajada.”
93. See the engraving, Rey durmiente sobresaltado por los reinos españoles, 1575, printed in Horst, De Opstand, 161.
94. Crispijn de Passe, Den Conincklijcken Morgen-Wecker. The Kingly Clocke [n.p., 1636], British Museum, no. 1850,0713.19.1-2.
95. Engelländische Weckglock, oder ein trewe un(d) recht Patriotische Warnung an König in Groß Britannien Jacobum 5., 1624, Wolfenbüttel Bibliothek.
96. Both quotations are from: Ar., The Practise of Princes.
97. Cogswell, “The Politics of Propaganda.”
98. Sommerville, Royalists and Patriots.
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Beatriz Álvarez García
Beatriz Álvarez García holds an MA in European History and Civilisation (University of Leiden – Europaeum Programme) and is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of Modern History at the Complutense University of Madrid, where she conducts her research under a grant FPU from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. She is studying the networks of formal and informal diplomacy during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–30 and the subsequent period of peace. She is especially concerned with the uses and distribution of propaganda in England, Spain and the Spanish Low Countries.
