Effects of two different types of single exercise modes on salivary C-reactive protein concentration, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in post-myocardial infarction patients

ABSTRACT

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of two different types of single cardiac rehabilitation (CR) exercise modes on the inflammation status, oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva.

Methods

The study involved two groups of CR patients: group A (n = 21) used a cycloergometer, and group B (n = 21) received breathing and balance exercises. C-reactive protein as an inflammatory biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of the level of oxidative stress and salivary 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) as an index of TAC were performed twice: before the beginning of the CR exercise (pre-CR) and immediately after (post-CR).

Results

No significant changes were observed for the inflammatory response of saliva after CR exercise regardless of its type. MDA decreased (pre-CR: 39.7 ± 101.9 vs. post-CR: 16.8 ± 44.3 ng·mL⁻¹; p < 0.01) and DPPH increased (pre-CR: 25.9 ± 16.7 vs. post-CR: 32.6 ± 14.0% reduction; p < 0.05) after CR exercise in the group B, with similar but not statistically significant changes in the group A.

Discussion

Two popular exercise modes, especially breathing and balance exercises, reduce salivary oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant potential of saliva in CR patients. The approval of saliva as a non-invasive source of information about inflammation status, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in cardiac patients requires further studies.

KEYWORDS:

• Oxidative stress
• inflammation
• C-reactive protein
• total antioxidant capacity
• DPPH assay
• saliva
• exercise
• cardiac rehabilitation

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Andrzej Olczyk from the Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion for his assistance in material collection and transport, Hanna Jerczyńska from the Central Scientific Laboratory, Anna Prymont-Przymińska from the Department of General Physiology, and Przemysław Tomaszewski for their laboratory analysis support, all at the Medical University of Lodz, as well as for the assistance of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre, Copernicus Memorial Hospital of Lodz medical staff: Lesław Brodowski, Anna Oświecińska, Joanna Harapińska, Janusz Jusis, Jolanta Szucka. We would also like to thank Edward Lowczowski of the Medical University of Lodz for language assistance.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the Medical University of Lodz [grant number 502-03/6-024-01/502-64-072], [grant number 503/6-077-01/503-61-001], [grant number 503/6-024-01/503-61-001].