America: Escaping the legacy of the ABM Treaty

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Notes

1. Mirko Jacubowski, Kehrtwende: Strategische Rüstungs- und Rüstungskontrollpolitik während der Clinton-Administration (1993–1999) (Frankfurt am Main: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Diplomarbeit, 2001); and Bernd W. Kubbig, Aufrüstung vor Rüstungskontrolle. Amerikanische Raketenabwehrpolitik während der Clinton-Administration, HSFK-Report 1/1996 (Frankfurt am Main: Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, 1996).

2. For more detail on the central term of hegemony as delineated from imperial power as well as on the contents of other terms such as strategic culture and idea, see Bernd W. Kubbig, Wissen als Machtfaktor im Kalten Krieg. Naturwissenschaftler und die Raketenabwehr der USA (Frankfurt am Main/New York: Campus, 2004), pp.130–62; see also < www.hsfk.de/abm > ; and id., Missile Defense in the Post-ABM Treaty Era: The International State of the Art (Osnabrück: Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, forthcoming).

3. Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, Executive Summary, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 15 July 1998), pp.5–6.

4. Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr., ‘The Theater Missile Defense Threat to U.S. Security’, Arms Control Today, Vol. 24, No. 7 (Sept. 1994), p.7.

5. See the contribution of Alla Kassianova in this issue.

6. Götz Neuneck and Michael Schaaf, Die Systemarchitektur der ‘National Missile Defense’ und ihre Verträglichkeit mit dem ABM-Vertrag, 2000, < www.hsfk.de/abm/bulletin/pdfs/91.pdf > .

7. US Senate, Armed Services Committee, Senate Armed Services Committee Completes Markup of National Defense Authorization Bill for Fiscal Year 2002 (Press Release), 7 Sept. 2001, < www.senate.gov/∼armed_services/press/02mark.pdf>, p.10.

8. Bernd W. Kubbig, Wolfowitz' Welt verstehen. Entwicklung und Profil eines ‘demokratischen Realisten’, HSFK-Report 7/2004 (Frankfurt am Main: Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, 2004).

9. One well-known exception is Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire. Reclaiming America's Destiny (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1999).

10. Statement of Donald Rumsfeld Before Senate Armed Services Committee, 21 June 2001, < www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010621-secdef2.html > .

11. George W. Bush, Remarks by the President to Students and Faculty at National Defense University, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC, 1 May 2001, < www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/05/20010501-10.html > .

12. News Conference with Senate Majority Leader Thomas Daschle (D-SD); Senator Joseph Biden, Jr. (D-DE); Senator Carl Levin (D-MI); Senator Jack Reed (D-RI), 2 May 2001 < www.clw.org/archive/coalition/senatedems050201.htm > .

13. Speech by Senator Carl Levin at National Defense University, 11 May 2001, < www.hsfk.de/abm/kongress/docs/opinion/lv110501.html > .

14. Excerpts from a press conference with President George W. Bush, 11 Oct. 2001 in Washington, DC, < www.hsfk.de/abm/bushadmi/bush/111001.html > .

15. Steven E. Miller, ‘The Flawed Case for Missile Defence’, Survival, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Autumn 2001), pp.95–109.

16. Statement of Paul Wolfowitz, 12 July 2001, in 107/1 US Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Hearings: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2002), p.440.

17. China Daily, 15–16 Dec. 2001; see also China Daily, 14 Dec. 2001.

18. Wade Boese and J. Peter Scoblic, ‘The Jury Is Still Out’, Arms Control Today, Vol. 32, No. 5 (June 2002), pp. 4–6; Klaus-Dieter Schwarz, Amerikas ‘New Strategic Framework’, SWP-Aktuell 2 (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2002).

19. Statement of Ronald T. Kadish Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Defense Subcommittee, Regarding the Fiscal Year 2005 Defense Appropriations Ballistic Missile Defense, Washington, DC, 21 April 2004, p.4 (typescript).

20. The White House, National Policy on Ballistic Missile Defense Fact Sheet, Washington, DC, 20 May 2003, p.2 (typescript). It is interesting to note that the MDA directors use the date of 2004 from Bush's directive as if it included the year 2005 (thereby indirectly conceding the slippage of the schedule) as the starting point of the initial fielding, too.

21. Statement of Ronald T. Kadish (note 19), pp.8–9. For an informative and critical review of the status of the MD system see also Lisbeth Gronlund, ‘Fire, aim, ready’, in: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 61, No. 5 (Sept./Oct. 2005), pp.67–8.

22. Statement of Henry A. Obering III, Missile Defense Program and Fiscal Year 2006 Budget, Before the Strategic Forces Subcommittee, House Armed Services Committee, Washington, DC, pp.5–14 (quotations pp.5–6), (typescript).

23. Ibid., p.10.

24. Statement of Ronald T. Kadish (note 19), pp.7,12.

25. International Herald Tribune, 16 Feb. 2005.

26. Theresa Hitchens with Victoria Samson, ‘Technical Hurdles in U.S. Missile Defense Agency Programs’, in James Clay Moltz (ed.), New Challenges in Missile Proliferation, Missile Defense, and Space Security (Monterey Institute of International Studies/University of Southampton: Occasional Paper No.12), p.11.

27. Statement of Ronald T. Kadish (note 19), p.5.

28. Ibid., p.5

29. Ibid., p.6

30. Philip E. Coyle, ‘Is Missile Defense on Target?’, Arms Control Today, Vol. 33, No. 8 (Oct. 2003), pp.7–14.

31. US General Accounting Office, Missile Defense: Actions Being Taken to Address Testing Recommendations, but Updated Assessment Needed. Report to Congressional Requesters (GAO-04-254), Washington, DC, Feb. 2004 (quotations in Fact Sheet GAO Highlights [no number of page indicated]).

32. US General Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions: Status of Ballistic Missile Defense Program in 2004. Report to Congressional Committees (GAO-05-243), Washington, DC, March 2005 (quotations in Fact Sheet GAO Highlights [no number of page indicated]); see also id., Defense Acquisitions: Actions Needed to Ensure Adequate Funding for Operation and Sustainment of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (GAO-05-817), Washington, DC, Sept. 2005).

33. Statement of Henry A. Obering III (note 22), p.1.

34. Marcia S. Smith, Military Space Programs: Issues Concerning DOD's SBIRS and STSS Programs, Washington, DC, updated 20 May 2005 (Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Report); Christopher Bolkcom and Steven A. Hildreth, Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress, Washington, DC, 18 Aug. 2005 (Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Report).

35. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Missile Defense: The Current Debate, Washington, DC, updated 23 March 2005, pp.13–17 (Coordinator: Steven A. Hildreth; Specialist: Gary Pagliano).

36. ‘A faith-based missile shield’ (editorial), International Herald Tribune, 11 Oct. 2004.

37. Statement of Ronald T. Kadish (note 19), p.6.

38. Statement of Senator Jeff Sessions, 12 July 2001, in 107/1 US Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, Hearings: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2002), p.558.