Canada: Doubting Hephaestus

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Notes

1. Marci McDonald, Yankee Doodle Dandy: Brian Mulroney and the American Agenda (Don Mills: Stoddart, 1995).

2. James Eayrs, ‘Defining a New Place for Canada in the Hierarchy of World Power’, International Perspectives (May/June 1975), pp.15–24; Peyton V. Lyon and Brian W. Tomlin, Canada as an International Actor (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1979); David B. Dewitt and John J. Kirton, Canada as a Principal Power: A Study in Foreign Policy and International Relations (Toronto: Willey & Sons Canada, 1983).

3. Dewitt and Kirton, Canada as a Principal Power (note 2) p.38.

4. Andrew F. Cooper, Canadian Foreign Policy: Old Habits and New Directions (Scarborough: Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada, 1997), p.10.

5. Fen Osler Hampson and Maureen Appel Molot, ‘Being Heard and the Role of Leadership’, in F.O. Hampson and M.O. Molot (eds), Canada Among Nations 1996: Big Enough to Be Heard (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1996), p.17.

6. Denis Stairs, ‘Of Medium Powers and Middling Roles’, in K. Booth (ed.), Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.271.

7. Robert W. Cox, ‘Middlepowermanship, Japan and Future World Order’, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn 1989), p.827.

8. Andrew F. Cooper, Richard A. Higgott and Kim Richard Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1993), p.19.

9. Even now, rhetorical appeals to ‘Pearsonian’ internationalism echo across the political spectrum in Canadian politics, conferring legitimacy where they sit well with particular policy choices.

10. Maxwell A. Cameron, Robert J. Lawson and Brian W. Tomlin (eds), To Walk Without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).

11. The concept of ‘soft power’ was introduced by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. in his Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990). See also Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).

12. Lloyd Axworthy, ‘Canada and Human Security: The Need for Leadership’, International Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Spring 1997), p.192. This view was not without its critics in Canada, many of whom argued that too great a reliance on ‘soft power diplomacy’ amounts to foreign policy on the cheap. Reaffirming internationalism, the critics point out that middlepowerhood is jeopardized by failing to commit sufficient resources to sustain international credibility. See, for example, Kim Richard Nossal, ‘Pinchpenny Diplomacy: The Decline of “Good International Citizenship” in Canadian Foreign Policy’, International Journal, Vol. 54, No. 1 (Winter 1998–99), pp.88–105. Mark F. Proudman, ‘Soft Power Meets Hard: The Ideological Consequences of Weakness’, in D. Carment, F.O. Hampson and N. Hillmer (eds), Canada Among Nations 2003: Coping with the American Colossus (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp.332–54.

13. Axworthy, ‘Canada and Human Security’ (note 12) p.192.

14. Eric Helleiner, ‘National Currencies and National Identities’, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 41, No. 10 (Aug. 1998), pp.1409–36.

15. See, for example, Ernie Regehr, ‘The myths of missile defence’, Globe and Mail (31 Aug. 2005), <www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040831.wmissile31/BNStory/Front>.

16. Ann Denholm Crosby, Dilemmas in Defence Decision-Making: Constructing Canada's Role in NORAD (Houndsmills: Macmillan, 1998).

17. Tom Keating, Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy, 2nd edn (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp.154–7.

18. Ibid, p.160.

19. Norrin M. Ripsman, ‘Big Eyes and Empty Pockets: The Two Phases of Conservative Defence Policy’, in Nelson Michaud and Kim Richard Nossal (eds), Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2002), pp.105–6.

20. Emma Brockes, ‘What can Eritrea possibly do to help the US in Iraq?’ The Guardian, 20 March 2003, <www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,917741,00.html>.

21. See the contribution of Bernd W. Kubbig on the US in this issue.

22. Harold Hongjin Koh, ‘Why Do Nations Obey International Law?’ Yale Law Journal, Vol. 106, No. 8 (June 1997), pp.2599–659.

23. Samina Khan and Douglas Scott, ‘What Ever Happened to “Star Wars”?’ Compliance Matters, No. 11 (June 2000), <www.hwcn.org/link/mkg/issue_no._11.html>.

24. J. Marshall Beier, ‘Postcards from the Outskirts of Security: Defence Professionals, Semiotics and the NMD Initiative’, Canadian Foreign Policy, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Winter 2001), pp.39–49.

25. Though the Bush administration had cited the President's busy schedule as the reason for the cancellation, Canadians did not miss noting that he received Australia's politically acquiescent Prime Minister John Howard at his Crawford, Texas ranch instead.

26. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, ‘Canada poised to join missile project before 2004 election: documents’, 13 Jan. 2005, <www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2005/01/13/missile-documents-050113.html>.

27. Campbell Clark and Drew Fagan, ‘Day after election victory, Martin rules out coalition’, Globe and Mail, 30 June 2004, <www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20040629.wndp0629/BNStory/specialDecision2004>.

28. Andre Belelieu, ‘The 2004 Canadian Federal Election’, Canada Election Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (8 July 2004), Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC.

29. Margaret Thatcher, ‘Deterrence is Not Enough: Security Requirements for the 21^st Century’, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July–Sept. 1999), pp.211–20.

30. See Geoffrey York, ‘So much for that missile shield’, Globe and Mail, 12 Sept. 2001, <www.theglobeandmail.com/special/attack/pages/comment_article6.html>.

31. This is the position of James Fergusson and Frank Harvey in James Fergusson, J. Marshall Beier, Frank Harvey, Ann Denholm Crosby and Douglas A. Ross, ‘Roundtable: Missile Defence in a Post-September 11th Context’, Canadian Foreign Policy, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Winter 2002), pp.111–30.

32. Beier, ‘Postcards from the Outskirts of Security’ (note 24) p.47.

33. Fergusson, et al. (note 31).

34. Axworthy, Canada and Human Security (note 12) p.193.

35. Mark Neufeld, ‘Hegemony and Foreign Policy Analysis: The Case of Canada as Middle Power’, Studies in Political Economy, No. 48, (Autumn 1995), pp.7–29.

36. David Mutimer, ‘Good Grief! The Politics of Debating NMD’, International Journal, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Spring 2001), pp.338–9.