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Notes
1 Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘Philosophei und Schwärmerei’ in Herder's Sammtliche Werke, 33 Vols., ed. Bernard Suphan (Berlin: Weidmann, 1877-1913), Vol. 9, pp.501-502.
2 This is a reference to Raymond Williams’ 1958 essay ‘Culture is Ordinary’. See Raymond Williams, ‘Culture is Ordinary’ in The Everyday Life Reader, ed. Ben Highmore (London: Routledge, 2002), p.93.
3 This is a reference to Friedrich Schiller's fifteenth letter in Aesthetic Education of Mankind, first published in 1795. See Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters, ed. and trans. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p.131. Herder's critique of the aesthetics of play can be found in his later work Kalligone (1830). See Paul Guyer, ‘Free Play and True Well-Being: Herder's Critique of Kant's Aesthetics’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol.65, Issue 4 (Autumn, 2007), pp.353-368. For the purposes of this article however, the sentiments of Schiller's message will inform Herder's approach to the relationship between art and life.
4 Johann Gottfried Herder, Sculpture: Some Observations on Shape and Form from Pygmalion's Creative Dream, ed. trans. Jason Gaiger (Chicago, Ill; London: University of Chicago Press, 2002). I will be referring to this text as Plastik, the German name for Herder's treatise on sculpture.
5 Herder, Sculpture, p.77.
6 Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘Treatise on the Origin of Language’ in Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Michael N. Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.87.
7 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987), [238-239], pp.87-88.
8 Herder, Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Michael N. Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.106.
9 Herder, Philosophical Writings, p.106.
10 Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul’ in Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Michael N. Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp.178-246.
11 Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution, (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Encore Edition, 2001), p.64.
12 Williams, The Long Revolution, p.65.
13 Raymond Williams, ‘Culture’ in Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Hammersmith, London: Fontana Press, HarperCollins Publishers, 1976), p.89.
14 Herder, Sculpture, p.90.
15 See both Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge, trans. Hans Arsleff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ‘Essay on the Origin of Languages’ in On the Origin of Languages: Two Essays, trans. John H. Moran and Alexander Gode (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp.87-176. The history of the development of language as set forth in the eighteenth century often accredits gesture as the precondition for speech. Both Rousseau and Herder appear here as figures informing Kant's reading of the structure of language as made up of interrelated parts (word, gesture, tone). Kant's reading of universal communicability is structured through an historical approach to the development of language. See Kant, Critique of Judgment, [306], p.173.
16 Herder, Sculpture, p.90.
17 Herder, Sculpture, p.36.
18 For an account of gesture in relation to the development of language and the visual arts, particularly in relation to physiognomic expression as received in France in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries see Dorothy Johnson, ‘Corporeality and Communication: The Gestural Revolution of Diderot, David and the Oath of Horatii’, The Art Bulletin, Vol.71 (March, 1989), pp.92-113.
19 William Hogarth describes this motif as the serpentine line or line of grace. See William Hogarth, The Analysis of Beauty (London: Printed, J. Reeves, 1753), pp.50-67. Herder takes up this reading in Plastik. Laocoön is the example that serves his reading of the serpentine line of beauty in relation to pain and pleasure. See Herder, Plastik, p.90-131. On Herder and Lessing's engagements with this sculpture, see Simon Richter, Laocoon's Body and the Aesthetics of Pain: Winckelmann, Herder, Moritz, Goethe (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992).
20 Herder, Sculpture, p.78.
21 Herder, Sculpture, p.37.
22 Herder, Sculpture, p.41.
23 Johann Joachim Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art, Vol. I & II, trans. Alexander Gode (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.) p.205.
24 Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art, p.205.
25 Herder, Sculpture, pp.77-78.
26 Herder, Sculpture, p.78.
27 ‘Indisciplinary’ refers to Ranciere's neologism ‘in-disciplinaire’ and his attempts to question the theme of disciplinarity in the contexts of philosophy. See Jacques Ranciere, ‘Thinking Between Disciplines: An Aesthetics of Knowledge’ trans. Jon Roffe, Parrhesia, No.1 (2006), pp.9-10.
28 Herder, Sammlichte Werke, Vo.14, p.210.
29 Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘How Philosophy Can Become More Universal and Useful for the Benefit of the People’ in Philosophical Writings, trans. and ed. Michael N. Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp.3-32.
30 Herder, Philosophical Writings, p.19.
31 On the use of the term ‘transnational empathy’ as distinct from the perpetual peace of Kant's essay of the same name see John Pizer, ‘The German Response to Kant's Essay on Perpetual Peace: Herder Contra the Romantics’ The Germanic Review, 82.4 (Fall 2007), pp.343-367.
32 Herder, Philosophical Writings, p.19.
33 For details of Humboldt's educational reforms and professional career, see Paul Sweet, Wilhelm von Humboldt: A Biography, Vols. I & II (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1980).
34 Heinrich Heine, Heine in Art and Letters, trans. Elizabeth A. Sharp (London: The Scott Library, Walter Scott Ltd, 1895), pp.104-5 [digitalised – Microsoft Corporation, University of California Libraries, 2007].
35 For Humboldt's reading of the effects of State interference, see Wilhelm von Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, trans. J. W. Burrow (Oxford: Alden Press, 1969), p.24.
36 Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p.51.
37 Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p.51.
38 Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p.51.
39 Humboldt recognises that ‘although such influences are not of course immediately evident, they are still distinctly traceable in the history of all States, in the modifications of their national character’. Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, p.51.
40 See Immanuel Kant, ‘An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784)’ in Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983), p.41.
41 Johann Gottfried Herder, ‘Philosophei und Schwärmerei’, p. 502.