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Notes
1 Response of the Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis within the context of the “The Hours of the Prime Minister” in the Parliament in Kathimerini [in Greek], 4 October 2019. https://www.kathimerini.gr/politics/1045459/kyr-mitsotakis-to-provlima-poy-antimetopizoyme-einai-metanasteytiko-kai-ochi-prosfygiko/.
2 Carastathis and Tsilimpounidi, Reproducing Refugees.
3 Cf. Mountz, The Death of Asylum.
4 Cf. De Genova, The Borders of “Europe”; Carasthatis and Spathopoulou, “Hotspots of Resistance”; and Hess and Kasparek, “Post-2015 European Border Regime.”
5 Cf. Anderson, “New Directions.”
6 Cf. Crawley and Skleparis, “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both.”
7 Cf. De Genova, Garelli and Tazzioli, “Autonomy of Asylum?”
8 See, for example, Stierl, “Reimagining Europe.”
9 As part of that fieldwork, the authors conducted interviews with the actors involved in the HELIOS programme run by the IOM, in the Refugee Cash Assistance programme, in the Emergency Support to Integration and Accommodation programme (ESTIA), NGO employees working inside Eleonas refugee camp in Athens, with the Greek authorities at Moria hotspot on Lesvos, with MSF (Medicines San Frontiers) on Lesvos, with Solidarity Lesvos and with two legal centres operating on Lesvos, Lesvos Legal Centre and HIAS.
10 Nail, Figure of the Migrant.
11 With the implementation of the EU–Turkey Deal (otherwise known as the EU–Turkey Statement and Action Plan or the EU–Turkey Agreement) on 20 March 2016, all migrants arriving on the border islands are geographically restricted to the five hotspot islands. The Deal comprises several action points, including: (1) the return to Turkey of all asylum seekers arriving on the Greek islands after the Deal’s date of implementation, (2) the resettlement of one Syrian in the EU for every Syrian returned to Turkey, (3) the disbursement of €6 billion from the EU to Turkey, (4) the lifting of visa requirements for Turkish citizens by the end of 2016, and (5) the re-energisation and acceleration of the EU Accession Process for Turkey.
12 Tazzioli, The Making of Migration, 136.
13 Carastathis, “Nesting Crises,” 145.
14 Ibid., 146.
15 ‘Alemania’ is commonly used by recent refugees/migrants in Greece to refer to Germany.
16 Carastathis, “Nesting Crises,” 143.
17 Spathopoulou, Carastathis, and Tsilimpounidi, “Vulnerable Refugees.”
18 Mouzalas, qtd. in Bokas, “Mouzalas’s Confession.”
19 Cf. Mezzadra, “In the Wake,” and Douzinas, Philosophy and Resistance, qtd. in Carastathis, “Nesting Crises,” 142.
20 This translates to ‘lathrometanastis’ in Greek.
21 Kallio, Meier, and Häkli, “Radical Hope.”
22 Picozza, “Dubliners,” 239.
23 Cf. Fontanari, “Confined to the Threshold,” and Picozza, “Dubliners.”
24 Kallius, “Solidarity in Transit,” 249.
25 Osseiran, “‘Europe’ from ‘Here’.”
26 Hellenic Republic Ministry of Migration and Asylum, “Response.”
27 Ibid.
28 UN IOM, “Hellenic Integration Support.”
29 Interview with an employee responsible for the Greek classes at HELIOS, 7 July 2020, Athens.
30 Interview with the field coordinator at HELIOS program, 15 September 2020, Athens.
31 UNHCR works with the Greek Government, local authorities and NGOs to provide urban accommodation and cash assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers in Greece through ESTIA, the Emergency Support to Integration and Accommodation programme, funded by the European Union Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid. See: https://estia.unhcr.gr/en/home/
32 Pavanello, “Greece Case Study.”
33 Osseiran, “‘Europe’ from ‘Here’,” 52.
34 Bridges Toolkit, “Transit,” 7–8.
35 Phone Conversation with a HELIOS field coordinator, Eleonas Camp, January 2021, Athens.
36 Cf. Khosravi, “Stolen Time.”
37 Borrelli, “Using Ignorance.”
38 Cf. Tazzioli, “Refugees’ Debit Cards.”
39 Cf. Aradau, “Experimentality.”
40 Hellenic Republic Ministry of Migration and Asylum, “Applications for International Protection.”
41 Already back in May 2020 the Greek Asylum Service had activated an online system for the registration of asylum applications. In October it was fully implemented, and various bureaucratic steps related to the asylum procedure – such as the renewal of the asylum cards – were supposed to be taken online.
42 Interview with the Asylum Service, 23 March 2021.
43 Asylum Service, “Self Registration”: https://apps.migration.gov.gr/selfregistration/login?lang=en
44 Interview with a lawyer of the organisation HIAS, Lesvos, 24 August 2020.
45 Interview with Lesvos Legal Centre, Lesvos, 21 August 2020.
46 Hellenic Republic Ministry of Migration and Asylum, “Migration Greece Info,” Viber Community.
47 Viber chat sent to the asylum seekers in Lesvos on 29 September 2020.
48 Cf. Jacobsen, “Experimentation in Humanitarian Locations,” and Bellanova and Gloutsios, “Controlling.”
49 Smith, “‘We Want to Stay’.”
50 Ibid.
51 Cf. Betts and Collier, Refuge.
52 Cf. Scott-Smith, “Humanitarian Neophilia,” and Turner, “#Refugees.”
53 Cheesman, “Self-Sovereignty for Refugees?”
54 This was also the case for Kurdish refugees who escaped Moria and found refuge in Pikpa; they were threatened that, if they did not return to Moria, their monthly cash would be withdrawn.
55 Ilcan and Rygiel. “Resiliency Humanitarianism.”
56 Interview with the coordinator of Eloftadasias, an organisation that houses asylum seekers on Lesvos. Lesvos, 21 August 2020.
57 Easton-Calabria and Herson, “In Praise of Dependencies,” 44.
58 ECHR, “Case of N.D and N.T v Spain,” 102.
59 Mezzadra and Stierl, “The Mediterranean Battlefield;” Moreno-Lax, “The EU Humanitarian Border;” and Tazzioli and De Genova, “Kidnapping Migrants.”
60 RSA, “New Pact on Migration,” Comments, 6.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Aila Spathopoulou
Aila Spathopoulou is a postdoctoral researcher in the ESRC Standard Grant funded project GLiTCH at the Department of Politics and International Relations at Goldsmiths University of London. She is co-founder of the Feminist Autonomous Centre for Research in Athens. Her work has been published in Geopolitics, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space and International Political Sociology. Email: [email protected]
Martina Tazzioli
Martina Tazzioli is Lecturer in Politics & Technology at Goldsmiths. She is the author of The Making of Migration. The Biopoltics of Mobility at Europe’s Borders (Sage, 2020), Spaces of Governmentality: Autonomous Migration and the Arab Uprisings (2015) and co-author with Glenda Garelli of Tunisia as a Revolutionised Space of Migration (2016). She is co-editor of Foucault and the History of our Present (2015) and Foucault and the Making of Subjects (2016). She is on the editorial board of journal Radical Philosophy and Politics. Email: [email protected]