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Original Articles

Religion and the Internet in the Israeli Orthodox context

Pages 364-383 | Published online: 25 Jul 2011
 

Abstract

This article provides an overview of research on religion and the Internet within the Israeli context, highlighting how Orthodox Jewish groups have appropriated and responded to the Internet. By surveying Orthodox use of the Internet, and giving special attention to the ultra Orthodox negotiations, a number of key challenges that the Internet poses to the Israeli religious sector are highlighted. Exploring these debates and negotiations demonstrates that while the Internet is readily utilized by many Orthodox groups, it is still viewed by some with suspicion. Fears expressed, primarily by ultra Orthodox groups, shows religious leaders often attempt to constrain Internet use to minimize its potential threat to religious social norms and the structure of authority. This article also highlights the need for research that addresses the concerns and strategies of different Orthodox groups in order to offer a broader understanding of Orthodox engagement with the Internet in Israel.

Notes

 1. Heidi Campbell, “Religion and the Internet,” Communication Research Trends 26, no. 1 (2006): 3–24.

 2. Stephen O'Leary and Brenda Brasher, “The Unknown God of the Internet,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Computer-Mediated Communication, ed. Charles Ess (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 233–69; Stephen O'Leary, “Cyberspace as Sacred Space. Communicating Religion on Computer Networks,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 4 (1996): 781–808; Ralph Schroeder, Noel Heather, and Raymond M. Lee, “The Sacred and the Virtual: Religion in Multi-User Virtual Reality,” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 4 (1998), http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue2/schroeder.html#LANGUAGE.

 3. Elaine Larsen, “Wired Churches, Wired Temples: Taking Congregations and Missions into Cyberspace,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, http://www.pewInternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report = 28 (accessed March 2, 2008); Elaine Larsen, “CyberFaith: How Americans Pursue Religion Online,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, http://www.pewInternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report = 53 (accessed March 2, 2008); Stewart Hoover, Lynn S. Clark, and Lee Rainie, “Faith Online: 64% of Wired Americans have used the Internet for Spiritual or Religious Information,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, http://www.pewInternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report = 119 (accessed May 26, 2006).

 4. Jeffrey K. Hadden and Douglas E. Cowan, Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises (New York: JAI Press, 2000); Loren Dawson and Douglas Cowan, eds., Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2004).

 5. Heidi Campbell, “Who's Got the Power? Religious Authority and the Internet,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12, no. 3 (2007), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/campbell.html; Christopher Helland, “Canadian Religious Diversity Online: A Network of Possibilities,” in Religion and Diversity in Canada, ed. Peter Beyer and Lori Beaman (Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2008), 127–48; Mia Lövheim, “Rethinking Cyberreligion? Teens, Religion and the Internet in Sweden,” Nordicom Review 29, no. 2 (2008): 205–17.

 6. Michael Dahan, “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Changing Public Sphere of Palestinian Israelis,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 8, no. 2 (2003), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue2/dahan.html; Andrew Vincent and John Shepherd, “Experiences in Teaching Middle East Politics via Internet-based Role-Play Simulations,” Journal of Interactive Media in Education 98, no. 11 (1998), www-jime.open.ac.uk/98/11; Yaacov B. Yablon and Yaacov J. Katz, “Internet-Based Group Relations: A High School Peace Education Project in Israel,” Educational Media Journal 38, no. 1 (2001): 175–82.

 7. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, “Orthodox Jewry in Israel and in North America,” Israel Affairs 10, no. 1 (2003): 157.

 8. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, “Orthodox Jewry in Israel and in North America,” Israel Affairs 10, no. 1 (2003), 159.

 9. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, “Orthodox Jewry in Israel and in North America,” Israel Affairs 10, no. 1 (2003), 164.

10. Emmanuel Sivan, “The Enclave Culture,” in Fundamentalisms Comprehended, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 11–69.

11. Nurit Stadler, “Fundamentalism,” in Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide, ed. Nicholas de Lange and Miri Freud-Kandel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 216–27.

12. Menahem Friedman and Samuel C. Heilman, The Haredim in Israel (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1991); Nurit Stadler, “Is Profane Work an Obstacle for Salvation? The Case of the Ultra Orthodox,” Sociology of Religion 64, no. 4 (2002): 455–74. These works provide a fuller and more nuanced exploration of the different understandings and characterizations of ultra Orthodox/Haredi communities.

13. Heidi Campbell, When Religion Meets New Media (London: Routledge, 2010).

14. David Lehmann and Batia Siebzehner, Remaking Israeli Judaism: the Challenge of Shas (London: Hurst and Company, 2006).

15. See Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan, “Creating Digital Enclaves: Negotiation of the Internet Amongst Bounded Religious Communities,” Media, Culture and Society (forthcoming); Yoel Cohen, “Mass Media in the Jewish Tradition,” in Religion and Popular Culture: Studies on the Intersections of World Views, ed. Daniel A. Stout and Judith M. Buddenbaum (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 2001), 95–108.

16. Nurit Stadler, Yeshiva Fundamentalism: Piety, Gender and Resistance in the Ultra-Orthodox World (New York: New York University Press, 2009).

17. Amnon Levy, “The Haredi Press and Secular Society,” in Religious and Secular: Conflict and Accommodation Between Jews in Israel, ed. Charles S. Liebman (New York: Keter Publishing House, 1990), 21–44.

18. Menahem Blondheim, “Mundane Religion, Sublime Technology: Performativity of the Digitally Communicated Word in Jewish Law” (paper presented at the Association of Internet Researchers, Maastricht, the Netherlands, October 2002).

19. Gerald Cromer, “The Polluted Image: The Response of Ultra Orthodox Judaism to Israel Television,” Sociology and Social Research 71, no. 3 (1987): 198–99.

20. Menahem Blondheim, “Cultural Media in Transition: From the Traditional Sermon to the Jewish Press,” Qesher 21 (1997), 63–79; Menahem Blondheim and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, “Literacy, Orality, Television: Mediation and Authority in Jewish Conversational Arguing, 1-200C.E.,” The Communication Review 4 (2001): 511–40; Martin S. Jaffe, Torah in the Mouth: Writing and Oral Tradition in Palestinian Judaism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Jeremy Stolow, Orthodox by Design Judaism, Print Politics, and the ArtScroll Revolution (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010); Orly Tsarfaty, “Religious Press in Israel: Habad Movement Papers and the Israeli-Arab Peace Process” (paper presented at the Conference and General Assembly on Intercultural Communication, Barcelona, July 21–26, 2002), http://www.portalcomunicacion.com/bcn2002/n_eng/programme/prog_ind/papers/t/pdf/d_t001wg22_tsafa.pdf.

21. Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Menahem Blondheim, and Gonen Hacohen, “Traditions of Dispute: From Negotiations of Talmudic Texts to the Arena of Political Discourse in the Media,” Journal of Pragmatics 34, no. 10–11 (2002): 1569–94.

22. David Jacobson, “The Ma'ale School: Catalyst for the Entrance of Religious Zionist into the World of Media Production,” Israel Studies 9, no. 1 (2004), http://www.maale.co.il/uploaded/The%20Maale%20School-%20Catalyst%20for%20the%20Entrance%20of%20Religious%20Zionists%20into%20the%20World%20of%20Media%20Production.pdf.

23. Kimmy Caplan, “The Media in Haredi Society in Israel,” Kesher 30 (2001) [in Hebrew].

24. Mehanem Blondheim and Kimmy Kaplan, “Rish'ut hashidur: Tikshoret ve kala tot ba herra hacharedit” [Media and Cassettes in the Ultra-Orthodox Society], Kesher 14 (1993): 51–62; Kimmy Caplan, “God's Voice: Audiotaped Sermon's in Israeli Haredi Society,” Modern Judaism 17, no. 3 (1997): 253–80.

25. Stadler, “Is Profane Work an Obstacle for Salvation?”

26. Stolow, Orthodox by Design Judaism.

27. David Lehmann and Batia Siebzehner, “Holy Pirates: Media, Ethnicity and Religious Renewal in Israel,” in Religion, Media and the Public Sphere, ed. B. Meyer and A. Moors (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006), 91–111.

28. V. Bagad-Elimelech, “From the Far Past to the Present: Rabbinical figures in Haredi Films,” in Leadership and Authority in Israeli Haredi Society, ed. Kimmy Caplan and Nurit Stadler (Jerusalem: Van Leer and the Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2009) [in Hebrew].

29. Akiba Cohen, Dafna Lemish, and Amit Schejter, The Wonder Phone in the Land of Miracles: Mobile Telephony in Israel (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2008).

30. Heidi Campbell, “What Hath God Wrought: Considering How Religious Communities Culture (or Kosher) the Cell Phone,” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 21, no. 2 (2007): 191–203.

31. Nathaniel Deutsch, “The Forbidden Fork, the Cell Phone Holocaust and Other Haredi Encounters with Technology,” Contemporary Jewry 29 (2009): 3–19.

32. See discussion in Jacobson, “The Ma'ale School”; Judy Baumel-Schwartz, “Frum Surfing: Orthodox Jewish Women's Internet Forums as a Historical and Cultural Phenomenon,” Journal of Jewish Identities 29 (2009): 1–30.

33. Heidi Campbell, “Religion and the Internet,” Communication Research Trends, 26, no. 1 (2006): 3–24.

34. Christopher Helland, “Diaspora on the Electronic Frontier: Developing Virtual Connections with Sacred Homelands,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12, no. 3 (2007), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html.

35. Michael T. Ciolek, “Online Religion: The Internet and Religion,” in Vol. 2 of The Internet Encyclopedia, ed. Bidgoli Hossein (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004), 798–811.

36. Herman, “Landmines Along the Information Highway,” Jewish Observer (1995): 21–27.

37. Irving Green, Judaism on the Web (New York: MIS Press, 1997); Diane Romm. The Jewish Guide to the Internet (Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson Publishers, 1996); Michael Levin. The Guide to the Jewish Internet (San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press, 1996).

38. Jonathan Rosen, The Talmud and the Internet: A Journey between Worlds (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000).

39. Joshua Hammerman, Thelordismyshepherd.com : Seeking God in Cyberspace (Deerfield Beach, FL: Simcha Press, 2000).

40. Heidi Campbell, “Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourse and Narrative in Religious Internet Usage,” Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet 1, no. 1 (2005), http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5824/pdf/Campbell4a.pdf.

41. Campbell and Golan, “Creating Digital Enclaves.”

42. Oren Golan, “Charting Frontiers of Online Religious Communities: The Case of Chabad Jews,” Digital Religion, ed. Heidi Campbell (London: Routledge, forthcoming).

43. Campbell and Golan, “Creating Digital Enclaves.”

44. Lawrence H. Sherlick. “Israeli Elementary Jewish Education and the Convergence of Jewish Values, Technology, and Popular Culture” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, California, May 2003), http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p111858_index.html (accessed April 22, 2008).

45. Tamar El-Or, Educated and Ignorant: Ultra Orthodox Jewish Women and Their World, trans. Haim Watzman (Boulder, CO: Lynne Runner, 1994.)

46. “Ultra Orthodox Rabbis Ban Internet Use Because of Fear of Being Led into the Profane,” Calgary Herald, January 10, 2000, http://www.rickross.com/reference/ultra-orthodox/ultra15.html.

47. Jeffrey Shandler, Jews, God and Video Tape. Religion and Media in America (New York: New York University Press, 2009).

48. Mike Kamber, “Ban the Web? Not Lubavitch Jews,” Wired, January 19, 2000, http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2000/01/33626.

49. Sarah Coleman, “Jews for Java,” Salon, April 6, 2006, http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/04/06/haredi/index.html (accessed April 6, 2000).

50. Golan, “Charting Frontiers of Online Religious Communities”; Jeffrey Shandler. Jews, God and Video Tape: Religion and Media in America (New York: New York University Press, 2009).

51. Orly Tsarfaty and Dotan Blais, “Between ‘Cultural Enclave’ and ‘Virtual Enclave’: Ultra-Orthodox Society and the Digital Media,” Qesher 32 (2002): 47–55 [in Hebrew].

52. Oren Livio and Keren Tenenboim Weinblatt, “Discursive Legitimation of a Controversial Technology: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Women and the Internet,” The Communication Review 10, no. 1 (2007): 29–56.

53. Tamar Rotem, “For First Time, Hasidic Sect Approves Limited Internet Use,” Haaretz Online, July 28, 2008, http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/spages/1005913.html.

54. Kobi Nahshoni, “Glatt Kosher Internet,” Ynet.com , September 10, 2007, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3446129,00.html; Neta Sela, “Belz Hassidic Court Logs onto Web,” Ynet.com , July 13, 2008, http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3567399,00.html (accessed 12 March 2009).

55. Yechiel Spira, “Internet with a Belz Hechsher,” Yeshiva World News, July 13, 2008, http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/article.php?p = 20953 (accessed 12 March 2009).

56. Ben Lynfield, “Rabbis Rage Against Net 'Abominations',” The Independent, December 11, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/rabbis-rage-against-net-abominations-1838204.html.

57. Kobi Nahshoni, “Rabbis Take on Haredi Websites,” Ynet.com , December 11, 2009, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3818334,00.html.

58. Kobi Nahshoni, “Haredi Websites Respond to Rabbis' Condemnation,” Ynet.com , December 16, 2009, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3819432,00.html.

59. Yair Ettinger, “Haredi Web Geeks Fight Rabbis' Crackdown on Internet,” Haaretz, January 5, 2010, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/haredi-web-geeks-fight-rabbis-crackdown-on-Internet-1.260799.

60. Amy Teible, “Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis Demand Boycott of Community's Own Web Sites in Attempt to Keep Control,” Associated Press, January 26, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id = 9664125.

61. Miriam Shaviv, “Are Haredi Leaders Losing their Followers to the Web?,” Haaretz.com , February 2, 2010, http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/news/are-haredi-leaders-losing-their-followers-to-the-web-1.262619.

62. Morten Hojsgaard and Margit Warburg, “Introduction: Waves of Research,” in Religion and Cyberspace, ed. M. Hojsgaard and M. Warburg (London: Routledge, 2005), 1–11.

63. Jonathan Boyarin, “Jewish Geography Goes On-Line,” Journal of Jewish Folklore and Ethnography, Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review 16, no. 1 (1994): 3–5; Lucia Rudenberg, “Jewish Resources in Computer Networking,” Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review 16, no. 1 (1994): 12–18; Scott Mandel, Wired Into Judaism: The Internet and Jewish Education (Springfield, MO: Behrman House, 2000); Rosen, The Talmud and the Internet.

64. Marcel Poorthius and Frank Bosman, “Kabbalah on the Internet: Transcending Denominational Boundaries in Conflicting Ideologies,” in Interaction Between Judaism and Christianity in History, Religion, Art, and Literature, ed. Marcel Poorthuis, Joshua Schwartz, and Joseph Turner (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 375–98; Julian Voloj, “Virtual Jewish Topography: The Genesis of Jewish (Second) Life,” in Jewish Topographies: Visions of Space, Traditions of Place, ed. Julia Brauch, Anna Lipphardt, and Alexandra Nocke (Farnham: Ashgate, 2008), 347–8.

65. Jonathan Hack, “Taming Technology: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Families and their Domestication of the Internet” (working paper, 2007), http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/media@lse/mediaWorkingPapers/MScDissertationSeries/Hack_final.pdf; Campbell, When Religion Meets New Media.

66. Neri Horowitz, “The Ultra-Orthodox and the Internet,” Kivumim Hadashim 3 (2001): 7–30 [in Hebrew]; Tsarfaty and Blais, “Between ‘Cultural Enclave’ and ‘Virtual Enclave’,” 47–55.

67. Karine Barzilai-Nahon and Gadi Barzilai, “Cultured Technology: Internet and Religious Fundamentalism,” The Information Society 21, no. 1 (2005): 25–40; Oren Livio and Keren Tenenboim Weinblatt, “Discursive Legitimation of a Controversial Technology”; Baumel-Schwartz, “Frum Surfing,”; Rivka Neriya-Ben Shahar and Azi Lev-On, “Forum of their Own: Studying Discussion Forums of Ultra-Orthodox Women Online,” Media Frames 4 (2009): 67–106 [in Hebrew].

68. Horowitz, “The Ultra-Orthodox and the Internet.”

69. Barzilai-Nahon and Barzilai, “Cultured Technology.”

70. Lori H. Lefkovitz and Rona Shapiro, “Ritualwell.Org: Loading the Virtual Canon” or “The Politics and Aesthetics of Jewish Women's Spirituality,” Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies and Gender Issues 5765, no. 9 (2005): 101–25.

71. Livio and Tenenboim Weinblatt, “Discursive Legitimation of a Controversial Technology.”

72. Tsarfaty and Blais, “Between ‘Cultural Enclave’ and ‘Virtual Enclave’.”

73. Baumel-Schwartz, “Frum Surfing.”

74. Rivka Neriya Ben-Shahar and Azi Lev-On, “Gender, Religion and New Media: Attitudes and Behaviors related to the Internet among Ultra-Orthodox Women Employed in Computerized Environments,” International Journal of Communication 5, (2011): 875–895.

75. Marek Cejka, “Making the Internet Kosher: Orthodox (Haredi) Jews and Their Approach to the World Wide Web,” Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 3, no. 1 (2009): 99–109.

76. Livio and Tenenboim Weinblatt, “Discursive Legitimation of a Controversial Technology.”

77. Menahem Blondheim, “Mundane Religion, Sublime Technology: Performativity of the Digitally Communicated Word in Jewish Law” (paper presented at the Association of Internet Researchers International Conference, Masstricht, The Netherlands, October 13–16, 2002).

78. Yuval Sherlow, Reshut Harabim (Israel: Petach Tikva Publishers, 2002) [in Hebrew]; Yuval Sherlow. Reshut Hayachid (Israel: Petach Tikva Publishers, 2003) [in Hebrew].

79. Campbell and Golan, “Creating Digital Enclaves.”

80. Shandler, Jews, God and Video Tape.

81. Barzilai-Nahon and Barzilai, “Cultured Technology.”

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