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ABSTRACT
Over the last two decades, both globally and in Israel, civil society and non-profit organisations (NPOs) have become important initiators and providers of social services. The non-profit sector is a major employer in the Israeli labour market. Women comprise 68% of its employees, and many are mid-level managers. The article presents a qualitative study, which examines the employment experience of 25 women working as mid-level managers in Israeli NPOs, and addresses their occupational and personal experience, their challenges and motivations. In addition, the study highlights the employment characteristics of non-profits – a sphere of part-time, temporary and underpaid work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. Salamon et al., “America’s Nonprofit Sector: A Primer.”
2. Anheier, Nonprofit Organizations.
3. Ajzenstadt and Rosenhek, “Privatisation and New Modes,” 247–62.
4. Ishkanian and Lewis, “Gender, Civil Society, and Participation,” 407–14.
5. Themudo, “Gender and the Nonprofit Sector,” 663–83.
6. Katz and Yogev-Keren, “Work in Discontent,” 15–37.
7. Hasson and Buzaglo, Wage Gaps Between Men And Women, 1.
8. See note 6.
9. ishkanian and Lewis, ““Gender, Civil Society, and Participation,” 407–14.
10. Addicott, “There may be Trouble Ahead,” 81–88; and Kosny and MacEachen, “Gendered, Invisible Work,” 359–80.
11. Addicott, “There may be Trouble Ahead,” 81–88.
12. Hegarty and Cusack, “Give me What I Want,” 64.
13. Likert, “New Patterns of Management.”
14. Salamon et al., “The State of Global Civil Society.”
15. Gidron, Bar and Katz, The Third Sector In Israel.
16. Katan, “Partial Privatization of Personal Welfare Services,” 101–30.
17. GuideStar, Yearbook of Associations in Israel.
18. Ibid.
19. See note 5.
20. Gibelman, “The Nonprofit Sector and Gender Discrimination,” 251–69; and Pynes, “Are Women Underrepresented,” 35–49.
21. Mirvis and Hackett, “Work and Work Force Characteristics,” 3–12.
22. Rothschild and Milofsky, “The Centrality of Values, Passions, and Ethics,” 137–43.
23. Preston, “Women in the White-Collar Nonprofit Sector,” 560–68.
24. Gibelman, “The Nonprofit Sector and Gender Discrimination,” 251–69.
25. Damman, Heyse and Mills, “Gender, Occupation, and Promotion,” 97-111.
26. Kosny and MacEachen, “Gendered, Invisible Work,” 359–80.
27. Daniels, “Invisible work,” 403–15.
28. Baines, “It was Just too Hard to Come Back,” 233–48.
29. Charlesworth et al., “If I Had a Family,” 596–613.
30. Dagan-Buzaglo, Hasson and Ophir. Gender Salary Gaps in Israel.
31. Ibid.
32. Stier, “The Inter-relationship Between Work for Pay and Family Work,” 143–60.
33. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment.
34. McGinnis, “The Young and Restless,”342–62; and Themudo, “Gender and the Nonprofit Sector,” 663–83.
35. See note 24.
36. Rooney and Mesch, “Determinants of Compensation,” 435–463.
37. Booth and Frank, “A Sticky Floors Model,” 295–322.
38. Teasdale et al., “Exploring Gender and Social Entrepreneurship.”
39. Dagan-Buzaglo, Hasson and Ophir. Gender Salary Gaps in Israel.
40. Hasson and Buzaglo, Occupational Segregation And Gender Pay Gaps.
41. England, “Emerging Theories of Care Work,” 381–99.
42. Strauss and Corbin, “Grounded Theory in Practice.”
43. Ramazanoglu and Holland, Feminist Methodology.
44. Ryan and Bernard, “Data Management and Analysis Methods.”
45. See note 37.
46. See note 6.
47. Fogiel-Bijaoui,“If Things are So Good,” 183–216.
48. See note 6.
49. See note 21.
50. Katan, “Partial Privatization of Personal Welfare Services,” 101–30.
51. Meyer and Storbakken.“Shifting the Burden Back to Families,” 217–228; and Baines, “In a Different Way.”
52. See note 6.
53. See note 23.
54. Nelson, “Of Markets and Martyrs,” 43–59.
55. Zelizer, “Intimate Transactions,” 121–144; and Zelizer, “How Care Counts,” 115–19.
56. See note 6.
57. Ibid.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Michal Almog-Bar
Michal Almog-Bar is a Senior Lecturer and Head of the Center for Civil Society and Philanthropy in Israel, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Inbar Livnat
Inbar Livnat is a PhD student at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.