https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-8769
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ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study examines changes in the importance of the valued work outcomes among Israeli men and women aged 25 years and over. Overall, gender differences have been declining over the years. Moreover, among both women and men there was decrease in the importance of the intrinsic outcome of interest and the social outcome of serving society at the expense of the dramatic increase in the importance of the extrinsic outcome of income. These trends reflect a continuing transformation from a more collectivist and altruistic society to a more individualistic and materialistic society.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. MOW, The Meaning of Working; Weber, Protestant Ethic Spirit of Capitalism; and Sharabi, “Work Ethic Jews, Muslims.”
2. Sharabi and Harpaz, “Improving Employees’ Work Centrality”; and MOW, The Meaning of Working.
3. Lips and Lawson, “Work Values, Gender, Commitment.”
4. Lips and Lawson, “Work Values, Gender, Commitment”; and Carli, “Women with Successful Careers.”
5. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics.
6. Carli, “Women with Successful Careers.”
7. See note 3 above.
8. Ben-David, “The Workforce in Israel.”
9. Central Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey Data.
10. See note 8 above.
11. Carli, “Women with Successful Careers”; and Lips and Lawson, “Work Values, Gender, Commitment.”
12. Cousins and Tang, “Working Time Family Conflict”; Hoobler et al., “Bosses’ Family-Work Conflict”; and Sharabi and Harpaz, “Gender and Relative Centrality.”
13. Hesse-Biber and Carter, Working Women in America; Inglehart, Culture Shift Advanced Industrial Society; and Sharabi and Harpaz, “Changes of Work Values.”
14. Hofstede,Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; “Hofstede Model in Context”; Schwartz, “Theory of Cultural Values”; “Culture Matters: National Value”; and Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism.
15. Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values.
16. Hofstede Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; “Hofstede Model in Context”; and Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism.
17. Schwartz, “Theory of Cultural Values”; “Culture Matters: National Value.”
18. Hofstede Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; and Schwartz, “Culture Matters: National Value.”
19. Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism.
20. See note 15 above.
21. Schwartz, “Theory of Cultural Values”; “Culture Matters: National Value”; and Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism.
22. Roberson, Houston, and Diddams, “Identifying Valued Work Outcomes.”
23. Nord et al., “Work Values Organizational Behavior.”
24. Elizur, “Facets of Work Values.”
25. Kaplan and Tausky “The Meaning of Work.”
26. See note 22 above.
27. Sharabi, “Promotion: Managers’ and Workers.”
28. Sharabi and Harpaz, “Improving Employees’ Work Centrality.”
29. Harpaz, Globalization and its Impact; and Sharabi, “Promotion: Managers’ and Workers.”
30. Harpaz, Globalization and its Impact.
31. Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; “Hofstede Model in Context.”
32. See note 19 above.
33. Ibid.
34. Sharabi, “Core and Peripheral Values.”
35. Harpaz, Globalization and its Impact; and Sharabi and Harpaz, “Generational Differences Work Values.”
36. Sharabi and Harpaz. “Gender and Relative Centrality.”
37. Smola and Sutton, “ Generational Differences: Work Values.”
38. Twenge et al., “Generational Differences in Work Values.”
39. Konrad et al., “Sex Differences and Similarities.”
40. Warr, “Work Values: Some Demographic and Cultural.”
41. Clark, “Changing Job Quality in OECD”; Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values; MOW, The Meaning of Working; and Warr, “Work Values: Demographic Cultural.”
42. Bigoness, “Sex Differences in Job”; Clark, “Changing Job Quality in OECD”; Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values; Konrad et al., “Sex Differences and Similarities”; MOW, The Meaning of Working; and Warr, “Work Values: Demographic Cultural.”
43. Clark, “Changing Job Quality in OECD”; and Konrad et al., “Sex Differences and Similarities.”
44. Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values; Konrad et al., “Sex Differences and Similarities”; and Warr, “Work Values: Demographic Cultural.”
45. See note 43 above.
46. (for more information see Harpaz, 1990).
47. Sharabi, “Work Ethic Jews, Muslims”; and Sharabi and Harpaz, “Impact of Generational Differences.”
48. See note 30 above.
49. Sharabi and Harpaz, “Core and Peripheral Values”; “Gender and the Relative Centrality.”
50. Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences; “Hofstede Model in Context”; and Triandis, Individualism and Collectivism.
51. Twenge et al., “Generational Differences in Work Values.”
52. Clark, “Changing Job Quality in OECD”; Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values; MOW, The Meaning of Working; and Warr, “Work Values: Demographic Cultural.”
53. See note 44 above.
54. See note 42 above.
55. Sharabi, “Work Ethic Jews, Muslims.”
56. Hesse-Biber and Carter, Working Women in America; and Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Men and women.
57. Kuchinke et al., “The Influence of Work.”
58. Warr, “Work Values: Demographic Cultural.”
59. Ben-Dor and Pedahzur, “Under Threat of Terrorism.”
60. Seidman, “From Nationalization to Privatization.”
61. Hesse-Biber and Carter, Working Women in America; and Lips and Lawson, “Work Values, Gender, Commitment.”
62. Lips and Lawson, “Work Values, Gender, Commitment”; and Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Men and Women.
63. Feather and Rauter, “Organizational Citizenship Behaviors”; Sharabi and Harpaz, “Core and Peripheral Values”; “Improving Employees’ Work Centrality”; and Wrench, Diversity Management and Discrimination.
64. Weber, Protestant Ethic Spirit of Capitalism; and Sharabi and Harpaz, “Core and Peripheral Values.”
65. MOW, The Meaning of Working.
66. Sharabi and Harpaz, “Changes in Work Centrality.”
67. Westwood and Lok, “Meaning of Work in Chinese.”
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Moshe Sharabi
Moshe Sharabi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Yezreel Valley Academic College and a researcher at the Center for the Study of Organizations and Human Resources, University of Haifa
Javier Simonovich
Javier Simonovich is a senior lecturer at the Human Services Department at the Yezreel Valley Academic College
Tal Shahor
Tal Shahor is a senior lecture at the Economics Department at the Yezreel Valley Academic College.