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Original Articles

‘I don’t care about their reactions’: agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan

 

ABSTRACT

Gender justice and women’s empowerment are both an end and a goal of sustainable development, and information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) policies and monitoring needs to be informed by this understanding. This article draws on research from Afghanistan exploring how women’s empowerment is conceptualised in relation to information and communication technologies (ICTs) currently, and how ICTs are used in processes intended to support empowerment. Our research shows that women in Afghanistan have high hopes that ICTs will be enabling and empowering. Yet the majority of women’s ICT activities do not realise that vision; with a few exceptions around women’s health, ICTs usually only enable women to meet their existing needs, and do not enable them to challenge patriarchal power relations. According to our respondents, using ICT for purposes that challenge patriarchy – e.g. using the internet to learn about rights to divorce or citizen’s rights, or sharing ‘private’ stories of abuse in social media spaces – has a high risk of social repercussions. We argue that these warnings and responses urge women to conform, and submit to control, and regulate women’s interactions and movements. They limit women’s choices, options, and power. However, some Afghan women in our research rejected these attempts to control and regulate – ‘I don’t care about their reactions’. This offers hope that for some individuals in some contexts, ICTs can put a dent in patriarchal power, supporting and furthering women’s empowerment.

La justice entre les sexes et l’autonomisation des femmes sont à la fois une fin et un objectif du développement durable, et cela doit éclairer les politiques et le suivi des TIC. Cet article se base sur des recherches menées en Afghanistan pour examiner comment l’autonomisation des femmes est conceptualisée par rapport aux TIC à l’heure actuelle, et la manière dont les TIC sont utilisées dans des processus visant à soutenir l’autonomisation. Nos recherches indiquent que les femmes en Afghanistan ont bon espoir que les TIC se révèlent habilitantes et autonomisantes. Or, la majorité des activités des femmes en matière de TIC ne concrétisent pas cette vision ; sauf quelques rares exceptions autour de la santé des femmes, les TIC ne permettent généralement aux femmes que de satisfaire leurs besoins existants, et ne leur confèrent pas les moyens de mettre en question les rapports de force patriarcaux. D’après les personnes avec lesquelles nous nous sommes entretenues, l’utilisation des TIC à des fins qui mettent en question le patriarcat par exemple, utiliser Internet pour en savoir plus sur les droits en matière de divorce ou les droits des citoyens, ou encore présenter des histoires « privées » d’abus sur des espaces de réseaux sociaux comporte un fort risque de répercussions. Nous soutenons que ces mises en garde et ces réponses ont pour effet d’exhorter les femmes à se conformer, et à se soumettre à un contrôle, et de réglementer les interactions et les déplacements des femmes. Elles limitent les choix, les options et le pouvoir des femmes. Cependant, certaines femmes afghanes auxquelles nous avons parlé dans le cadre de nos recherches ont rejeté ces tentatives de contrôle et de réglementation « Je me fiche de leurs réactions ». Cela donne l’espoir que, pour certaines personnes et dans certains contextes, les TIC sont capables d’entamer le pouvoir patriarcal, soutenant et faisant avancer l’autonomisation des femmes.

La justicia de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres constituyen tanto un fin como una meta del desarrollo sostenible. Por ello, las políticas y el monitoreo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicaciones para el desarrollo (ict4d, por sus siglas en inglés) deben incorporar cierta comprensión al respecto. El presente artículo da cuenta de investigaciones realizadas en Afganistán que examinaron cómo se conceptualiza actualmente el empoderamiento de las mujeres de cara a las tic y cómo las mismas son utilizadas en procesos encaminados a propiciar su empoderamiento. Nuestra investigación revela que las mujeres afganas tienen mucha esperanza de que las tic faciliten su empoderamiento. A pesar de ello, la mayoría de las actividades realizadas por mujeres en el ámbito de las tic no cumple este deseo. Excepción hecha del área de la salud de la mujer, en general las tic solo facilitan que las mujeres cubran sus necesidades existentes, pero no permiten que cuestionen las relaciones de poder patriarcales. En este sentido, a la hora de usar el Internet para aprender sobre su derecho a divorciarse o sobre los derechos ciudadanos, o incluso para compartir en las redes sociales vivencias “privadas” de haber sido sujetas a abuso, las mujeres corren un alto riesgo de enfrentar repercusiones sociales. Sostenemos que las advertencias y respuestas que reciben en estos medios las animan a ser conformistas, a someterse al control, a la vez que regulan sus interacciones y sus movimientos. Por ende, las redes sociales limitan sus decisiones, sus opciones y su poder. Sin embargo, en nuestra investigación algunas mujeres afganas descalificaron estos intentos de controlarlas y regularlas. Su actitud podría resumirse en la frase “No me importan sus reacciones”. En suma, lo anterior es una señal de esperanza en el sentido de que para algunos individuos en ciertos contextos las tic pueden menguar el poder patriarcal, al mismo tiempo que apoyan y potencian el empoderamiento de mujeres.

Acknowledgements

We would like to recognise here the excellent work and contributions of our research assistants to this project who were key in the data collection, transcription, translation, and contextualisation of the data: Mursal Juya, Zahra Rostami, Zainab Hassanpoor, Nazifa Alizada, Razia Rezaie, and Nargis Hajran. In addition, we thank Bahar Bano and Mashiat Mostafa for supporting the coding and thematic analysis of the data. Thank you also to our research colleagues in the larger project, Dr Varuni Ganepola and Md Shahidulla Kaiser, for feedback and comments on the development of this analysis. Finally, we are grateful for the generous funding and support from the Ford Foundation and the Asian University for Women in facilitating this research work.

Notes on contributors

Faheem Hussain is a Lecturer at the School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University. Postal address: School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, PO Box 875603, Tempe, AZ 85287-5603, USA. Email: [email protected]

Sara N. Amin is a Lecturer and Discipline Coordinator of Sociology at the School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Law and Education, The University of the South Pacific. Email: [email protected]

Notes

1 There is an important distinction here between ‘power to’ as expanding agency in a positive way, and ‘power over’, which – when considering power over people – is seen in the literature as making others do according to one’s will even in the face of resistance, and power to which emphasises the idea of being able to act on one’s choices even in the face of resistance. Thus, power over implicates control and domination over others and the removing of agency of others.

2 Dari and Pashto are both the official languages of Afghanistan and Dari is more widely spoken (80 per cent) and across the diverse ethnic groups in the country (CIA World Factbook, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html, last checked 7 May 2018).

3 This evidence of male decision-making is interesting since research on gender equality has shown evidence that education and employment can often produce more decision-making for women in the family – a key reason why development donors often focus on ‘economic empowerment’ as a goal, reasoning that it will bring changes in political and social power also. In addition, patriarchal societies seem to provide some increased decision-making power for older women in the family (Kandiyoti Citation1988).

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