After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology

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Notes

1. See M. Freeden, ‘The elusiveness of European (anti-)liberalism’, in D. Gosewinkel (Ed.) Anti-liberal Europe: A Neglected Story of Europeanization (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015), pp. 33–44.

2. M. Freeden, Liberalism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

3. On that argument see T. Pappas, ‘Distinguishing liberal democracy’s challengers’, Journal of Democracy, 27(4) (2016), pp. 22–36.

4. M. Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 485–550; M. Freeden, ‘Is nationalism a distinct ideology?’ Political Studies, 46 (1998), 748–765.

5. C. Fieschi, ‘“Introduction” to special issue on populism’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (2004), pp. 235–240.

6. B. Stanley, ‘The thin ideology of populism’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13 (2008), pp. 95–110.

7. C. Mudde and C. Rovira Kaltwasser, ‘Populism’, in M. Freeden, L.T. Sargent, and M. Stears (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 493–512.

8. 20 November 2014, available at http://www.democraticunderground.com/10025845034 (accessed 12 October 2016); P. Lucardie, S. Otjes, and G. Voerman, ‘Dealing with ideological diehards and eclectic extremists. The establishment’s reactions to political extremism in the Netherlands’ (Groningen: Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties, University of Groningen, 2014); T. Pauwels, Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands (Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).

9. J. Rydgren and J. van Holsteyn, ‘Holland and Pim Fortuyn: a deviant case or the beginning of something new?’, in J. Rydgren (Ed.) Movements of Exclusion: Radical Right-wing Populism in the Western world (Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2005), pp. 41–63.

10. For analyses of left-wing populism – despite the shared name, a different ideational cluster – see Y. Stavrakakis and G. Katsambekis, ‘Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 19 (2014), pp. 119–142; and A. Kioupkiolis, ‘Podemos: the ambiguous promises of left-wing populism in contemporary Spain’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 21 (2016), pp. 99–120.

11. Taggart astutely links that unitary aspect to the populist idea of a heartland stretching back in time to a romanticized past – combining the first and second attributes. See P. Taggart, ‘Populism and representative politics in contemporary Europe’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 9 (2004), pp. 269–288.

12. N. Farage, 24 September 2014, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSv0aLZ6_co (accessed 10 November 2016); D. Trump, 19 October 2016, available at https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2016/oct/20/donald-trump-calls-hillary-clinton-a-nasty-woman-during-final-debate-video (accessed 10 November 2016).

13. Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on European Union spells out the procedures that are required for a member state to leave the European Union.

14. Nigel Farage, BBC News, 3 November 2016, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37857785 (accessed 3 November 2016).

15. Priti Patel on the Andrew Marr Show, BBC 1, 16 October 2016, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37670911 (accessed 2 November 2016).

16. Nadine Dorries on Peston on Sunday, ITV, 30 October 2016, available at http://www.itv.com/hub/peston-on-Sunday/2a4458a0017 (accessed 2 November 2016).

17. Hilary Benn on Radio Four, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qj9z (accessed 5 November 2016).

18. Tom Watson, ‘BBC 5 Live’, Pienaar's Politics, 6 November 2016, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37886882 (accessed 6 November 2016).

19. The Daily Telegraph, 4 November 2016; Daily Mail, 4 November 2016.

20. Sajid Javid on Question Time, BBC 1, 3 November 2016, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b081wrzp/question-time-03112016 (accessed 7 November 2016).

21. J.-W. Müller, What is Populism? (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), p. 22.

22. J.J. Rousseau, The Social Contract (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968), esp. pp. 72–76.

23. Nigel Farage on the Andrew Marr Show, BBC 1, 6 November 2016, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37886882 (accessed 6 November 2016).

24. G.D.H. Cole and R. Postgate, The Common People 1746–1938 (London: Methuen, 1938).

25. See M. Tarchi, ‘Populism: ideology, political style, mentality?’, Czech Journal of Political Science, 23 (2016), pp. 95–109.