‘Counter-spurt’ but not ‘de-civilization’: fascism, (un)civility, taboo, and the ‘civilizing process’

ABSTRACT

Norbert Elias described the rise of fascism and the violent spasm of the Holocaust as examples of extreme ‘counter-spurts’ towards ‘re-barbarization’ in his overall schema of recent human history as a ‘civilizing process’. But the shift towards the normalization of uncivility and extreme violence that became trademarks of fascism in the interwar years was in fact far less at odds with assumed mainstream values than it actually appeared or was assumed to be. In this article, I argue that fascist uncivil ideology, discourse, and praxis need to be placed along a continuum of mainstream acceptability that rendered them broadly desirable or tolerable to mainstream society at the time in spite of their radical deviation from an assumed liberal canon. I focus on two examples of fascist uncivility – attack on the liberal framework of minority protection promoted by the liberal powers post-WW1; and violent anti-semitism. I argue that, while fascist uncivility represented a violent, extreme ‘counter-spurt’ in its cumulative dynamics and effects, it was underwritten by a number of facilitating impulses and behaviours that were deeply embedded in interwar mainstream societies and thus did not constitute qualitative regressions from the ‘civilizing process’, as Elias claimed afterwards.

Notes

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6. On the notion of ‘fascist synthesis’ see George L. Mosse, Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987); Zeev Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).

7. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process (Malden MA, Oxford, and Victoria: Blackwell, 2000; rev. ed.), pp. 47–52; Christopher Powell, Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide (Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca NY: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2011), pp. 131–133.

8. George L. Mosse, ‘Review of Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners’, New German Critique, 15 (1978), pp. 178–183; and Confronting History, A Memoir (Madison WN: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), pp. 210–211.

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12. Florence Delmotte, Christophe Majastre, ‘Violence and Civilité: The Ambivalences of the State in Norbert Elias’s Theory of Civilizing Processes’, Proceedings of the 9th EISA Pan-European Conference (Giardini Naxos, 2015), pp. 10–11.

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81. Georges Bataille, Eroticism (San Francisco CA: J. Calder, 1962), p. 65; emphasis added.

82. Ibid., p. 72.

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