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Notes
1 I understand ‘problematisation’ in much the way described by Robert Castel (Citation1994: 237–52).
2 Olga Linares describes the practice of ‘garden hunting’, and suggests that certain terrestrial mammals in the humid neotropics that forage in anthropogenic habitats were likely to be more abundant in those habitats. This raises the question of the possibility of any knock-on consequences for the forests on the edge of such habitats. See Olga Linares (Citation1976: 331–49). (I am grateful to Jorge Ventocilla for drawing my attention to Linares' work.) More recently, Derek Smith has returned to Linares' work, and has suggested that ‘The creation of heterogeneous habitat mosaics through shifting cultivation has played a key role in the relationship between people and wildlife in the humid neotropics, leading to adjustments in both animal foraging patterns and indigenous hunting practices’ (Smith, Citation2005: 505).
3 The Yosemite Valley was ‘discovered’ by a mercenary expedition organised by the US government as it pursued one of the aboriginal groups that resisted gold mining near Sacramento. See Bunnell (Citation1990), and Nils Lindahl Elliot (Citation2006), esp. 134–7.
4 The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty allowed the US to acquire any further land as might be necessary to operate, enlarge or defend the canal.
5 ‘Gatun Lake 84 Feet Deep’, New York Times, 28 December 1913.
6 ‘Gatun Lake 84 Feet Deep’, New York Times.
7 To my knowledge, there is still no critical history of the everyday life of the inhabitants of la Línea (or the lower Chagres) prior to its inundation by the US Canal Zone authorities. Much of the information that can be found takes the form of passing comments by authors; see for example Jaen (Citation1981).
8 Gil Blas Tejeira, Los pueblos perdidos (Panama: Impresora Panamá, 1962). The quotations in this essay refer to the 4th edition, published by the Editorial Universitaria in 1995.
9 This and the rest of the translations are my own.
10 For critical accounts of this process as it applies to the British empire and Africa, see for example John M. Mackenzie (Citation1988); for a more general account, see Mary Louise Pratt's Imperial Eyes. For a historical account of the making of US ‘imperial subjects’ via representations of the Andes, see Deborah Poole (Citation1998).
11 In the broader history of the present which I am writing about this subject, I establish a parallel with the dynamics studied by Richard H. Grove with respect to the ‘Edenic Isles’ discourse. See Grove (Citation1995).
12 For a recent, and persuasive account of the hitherto acknowledged importance of gender politics during this period, see Alan Macpherson (Citation2007: 219–41).
13 Western Hemisphere Convention of 1940: Article 1, Paragraph 3.
14 As part of the ‘Observing Wildlife on Barro Colorado Island: Environmental Education and the Challenge of Transmediation’ I would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute for this project.
15 See for example C.H. Calhoun, “Panama's Island Ark”, New York Times, October 31, 1948.
16 By way of Law 8 of the 14th of June of 1994, and Law Decree 4 of 1998.For an analysis of these and other government policies, see the Análisis Diagnóstico General del Turismo en Panamá: Plan Maestro de Turismo Sostenible de Panamá 2007–2020 published by Autoridad de Turismo de Panamá (Panamanian Tourism Authority) at http://www.atp.gob.pa/, accessed July 20, 2009.
17 For an analysis of this process, see for example, David A. Fennel (Citation2007) and David Weaver (Citation2008). For an account of ecotourism in rainforests, see for example Warwick Frost (Citation2001). For a critique of ecotourism involving encounters with wildlife, see Cynthia Bulbeck (Citation2005).
18 I am grateful for the discussions on this subject with Mario Santamaría, a member of STRI's forest ranger service.
19 This essay has, for example, quoted Stanley Heckadon-Moreno's Naturalists in the Isthmus of Panama. The aforementioned visitor centre on Barro Colorado also offers an account of the history of Barro Colorado, as do the presentations offered by the guides when they introduce the island to visitors.
20 See for example, Jennifer S. Holland, ‘Winged Victors: Panama's Adaptable Bats’, National Geographic, at http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/panama-bats/panama-bats-text, accessed 31 August 2010. This site is based on an article that appeared in the June 2007 issue of the National Geographic magazine.
21 See for example, Roland W. Kays, ‘My Kingdom for a Crown’, in Natural History (2006), 72.
22 It is readily acknowledged that parts of the Barro Colorado forest are relatively recent. However, the accepted wisdom tends to be that the oldest parts of the forest are ‘relatively undisturbed’, as apparently confirmed by the paleobotanical research of Dolores R. Piperno (Citation1990).
23 The research I have in mind includes that of STRI senior scientist William F. Laurance, a leading ecologist who has studied the effects of fragmentation in tropical forests and other habitats. For a recent account of the work on habitat fragmentation, see William F. Laurence (2010).
24 In 2007, a canal enlargement began which will double the capacity of the Panama Canal by 2014.
25 See for example, Fred Pearce (Citation2003).