‘Feeling European’: the view from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine

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Notes

1. Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR v 1982 g., Moscow, 1983, pp. 45, 532, 534.

2. For the Russian figures, see www.gks.ru; the Belarusian and Ukrainian figures (64 and 39%, respectively) are derived from Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv v 2004 g.: statisticheskii ezhegodnik, Moscow, 2004, various pages.

3. See L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment, Stanford, CA, 1994.

4. S. Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1993, pp. 22–49 (pp. 29–31, 43–4). For a survey of these discussions, see, for instance, I. Neumann, Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations, London, 1995; J. Billington, Russia in Search of Itself, Washington, DC, 2004; and N. Riasanovsky, Russian Identities: A Historical Survey, New York, 2005.

5. Further details are available on the project website, < http://www.lbss.gla.ac.uk/politics/inclusionwithoutmembership/index/html>.

6. See Eurobarometer, No. 62, 2005, pp. 94–6, consulted at < www.europa.eu.int>, accessed 22 March 2006.

7. See, for instance, W. Zimmerman, ‘Is Ukraine a Political Community?’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1998, pp. 43–55; S. Birch, ‘Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Politics’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1017–41; S. Shulman, ‘The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 35–56.

8. In Belarus we defined Vitebsk and Mogilev regions as the ‘east’; Minsk city, Minsk and Gomel regions as the ‘centre’; and Brest and Grodno as the ‘west’. In Ukraine ‘Crimea’ defined itself; we allocated eastern regions including south- and north-eastern regions to the ‘east’; Kyiv city, Kyiv region and northern and southern regions to the ‘centre’; and western regions including south- and north-western regions to the ‘west’.

9. The special circumstances of the Crimea have recently been considered in I. Katchanovski, ‘Small Nations but Great Differences: Political Orientations and Cultures of the Crimean Tatars and the Gagauz’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2005, pp. 877–94.

10. W. Miller, S. White and P. Heywood, Values and Political Change in Postcommunist Europe, London, 1998, pp. 14, 28.

11. Perspectives of this kind are explored in F. Splidsboel-Hansen, ‘Russia's Relations with the European Union: a Constructionist Cut’, International Politics, Vol. 39, No. 4, December 2002, pp. 399–421, and more generally in L. Cederman (ed.), Constructing Europe's Identity: The External Factor, Boulder, CO, 2001.