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Article

Power dynamics in applied theatre: interrogating the power of the university-based TfD facilitator – the UZ theatre and CARE Zimbabwe's Zvishavane/Mberengwa NICA project and SSFP as case study

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Abstract

One of the central tenets in applied theatre is the ability to confront issues of ‘power’ and ‘powerlessness’. Indeed, success or lack thereof in applied theatre projects is often adjudged against the ability or the extent to which these projects are, or have been able to ‘empower’ the ‘powerless’. In this paper we seek to examine the extent to which, in spite of the traditional tensions between ‘power’ and ‘powerlessness’, the power of the facilitator can be a positive force that ought to be celebrated and harnessed towards resisting and subverting larger forces of manipulation and power in given rural contexts, especially when the facilitator works with the ‘less privileged’. We also seek to demonstrate that even though grass-roots participants in Theatre for Development (TfD) projects may appear as passive objects of power, project participants in apparently ‘non-political’ and paternalistic projects also enjoy a complex relational subjectivity in terms of the power dynamics of applied theatre projects. The paper is inspired by the recognition that all power can be overtly or covertly resisted. Thus Foucault's discourses on power and resistance and Scott's theorisation of public and hidden transcripts provide the theoretical foundations to this paper. Foucault and Scott's theorisation of power is consistent with postcolonial African views on power which conceptualise power in relational terms. Postcolonial theorists such as bell hooks, Mangeni and Mbembe all suggest that the ‘weak’ have their own forms of power which are often ignored by the powerful in their pursuit of the grand narratives of normative power relations. We draw on our personal experience as university-based facilitators in a TfD project which took place in the two rural districts of Zvishavane and Mberengwa in southern Zimbabwe between 2001 and 2004.

應用戲劇向來深信戲劇能夠讓“掌權者”與“無權者”正面交鋒。此信念或多或少使得應用戲劇項目常常受這樣的標準所左右——這些項目是否能夠,或者從何種程度上能夠對“無權者”“賦予權力”。

本文中,我們排除了傳統的“當權者”與“無權者”之間的緊張關係,試圖探討引導者(facilitator)的權力如何產生積極作用,並論證這一作用在特定的鄉村語境中,在反抗與顛覆更大勢力的權力與操控時,尤其在引導者與弱勢群體合作時,應該得以宣揚與運用。同時,我們還試圖展示,在TfD項目中,儘管草根參與者們以權力的受體身份出現,在“非政治”與 家長式作風的專案中他們依然對應用劇場專案中的權力動態學所呈現的複雜的相關主觀性表示出興趣。本文受到一普遍共識的啟發,即所有的權力皆可能受到或公開或隱秘的抵抗。故Foucault (1980, 2001) 關於權力與抵抗話語的理論與 Scott (1985, 1990) 關於公共與隱秘文本的論述為本文提供了理論基礎。Foucault與 Scott的權力理論與後殖民主義非洲視角將權力劃分為相關術語一脈相承。後殖民主義理論家如bell hooks (1990, 1989, 2000) Mangeni (2007) 以及 Mbembe (1992)都曾表示弱勢群體有其自身的權力形式,該形式往往被強勢群體在試圖規範權力關係的宏觀敘事過程中所忽視。

這一發展劇場(TfD)項目中,我們作為學院背景的引導者,提供了2001至2004年間在兩處鄉村地區開展專案的個人體驗,兩地分別是南辛巴威的Zvishavane 與Mberengwa。

Uno de los dogmas centrales en el teatro aplicado es la habilidad de confrontar problemas de ‘poder’ e ‘impotencia’. Verdaderamente, el éxito de proyectos de teatro aplicado o la falta del mismo es a menudo adjudicado en contra de la capacidad o del grado en que estos proyectos son, o han sido capaces de ‘empoderar’ al ‘impotente’.

En este ensayo buscamos examinar hasta qué punto, en contra de las tensiones tradicionales entre el ‘poder’ y la ‘impotencia’, el poder del coordinador puede ser una fuerza positiva que debe ser celebrada y amarrada hacia la resistencia y la subversión de fuerzas mayores de manipulación y poder en determinados contextos rurales, especialmente cuando el coordinador trabaja con los ‘menos privilegiados’. También buscamos demostrar que, aunque los participantes de base en proyectos de TfD pueden parecer como objetos pasivos del poder, los participantes del proyecto en proyectos aparentemente no-políticos y paternalistas también disfrutan de una subjetividad relacional compleja en términos de las dinámicas de poder de proyectos de teatro aplicado. El artículo está inspirado por el reconocimiento de que todo el poder puede ser resistido abiertamente o de manera encubierta. De esta manera los discursos sobre el poder y la resistencia de Foucault (1980, 2001) y la teorización de las trascripciones públicas y ocultas de Scott (1985, 1990) proveen de fundamentos teóricos a este ensayo. La teorización de Foucault y Scott del poder es consistente con las opiniones postcoloniales Africanas sobre el poder, que conceptualizan el poder en términos relacionales. Teóricos postcoloniales tales como bell hooks (1990, 1989, 2000), Mangeni (2007) y Mbembe (1992) sugieren que el ‘débil’ tiene sus propios métodos de poder que son a menudo ignorados por los poderosos en su persecución de la grandes narrativas de la relaciones de poder normativas.

Recurrimos a nuestra experiencia personal como coordinadores basados en la universidad en un proyecto de Teatro para el Desarrollo que tomo lugar en dos distritos rurales de Zvishavane y Mberengwa en la Zimbabue sureña entre 2001 y 2004.

Notes on contributors

Owen Seda is a Senior Lecturer and Head of Department, Performing Arts Technology at Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA. He has also taught at the universities of Zimbabwe, Africa University, the University of Botswana and California State Polytechnic University (Cal Poly Pomona) where he was Fulbright-Scholar-in-Residence. He has also been a Commonwealth Scholar and joint recipient of a Fulbright Alumni Initiatives Awards grant with the late Professor William H. Morse II of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He holds a doctoral degree in Theatre Studies.

Nehemiah Chivandikwa is a lecturer and Chair of the Department of Theatre Arts at the University of Zimbabwe where he also teaches courses in playmaking, acting and applied theatre. He has published a number of scholarly articles and book chapters and participated at a number of international conferences. In 2005 he took part in a joint Fulbright Alumni Initiatives Awards grant project in community theatre. He is currently studying for a doctoral degree in Theatre Studies.

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