Correction

This article refers to:

Parliamentary initiative in authoritarian regimes: Power sharing in Eurasian legislatures

Article title: Parliamentary initiative in authoritarian regimes: Power sharing in Eurasian legislatures

Author: Gerrit Krol

Journal: FJLS: The Journal of Legislative Studies

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2020.1738671

There were some errors in page 260, Tables 2,3,5,6,7 and Annex 1 when it was first published online. We have now corrected them as below and republished the paper online.

Table

Current	Corrected
p. 260: “For example, among sponsors of parliamentary laws, 55% (on average per bill) are either chairs or vice-chairs of a standing committee and 11% (on average per bill) are party leaders.”	p. 260: “For example, among sponsors of parliamentary laws, 55% (on average per bill) are either chairs or vice-chairs of a standing committee and 12% (on average per bill) are party leaders.”
p. 260: “The figures show that, on average, 78% of sponsors of a parliamentary law are loyalists … ..”	p. 260: “The figures show that, on average, 72% of sponsors of a parliamentary law are loyalists … ..”

Table 2. Patterns of power sharing in authoritarian legislatures in Eurasia

		Openness				Differentiation
Country	Period	Contestation		Geographical representation (% SMDs)	Executive linkage (presidential power)	Division of labour (number of committees)	Internal stratification (mega-seats)
		Opposition’s size	Coalition-parties
Kazakhstan	1999 - 2004	0.29	2.6	0.87	22	7	2.7
Kazakhstan	2004 - 2007	0.16	1.6	0.87	22	7	2.7
Kazakhstan	2007 - 2012	0.00	1.2	0	24	7	3.0
Kazakhstan	2012 - 2016	0.14	1.2	0	24	7	3.3
Kyrgyzstan	2008 - 2010	0.21	1.0	0	13	12	2.7
Kyrgyzstan	2010 - 2011	0.37	3.0	0	2	16	3.4
Kyrgyzstan	2011 - 2012	0.22	3.9	0	2	13	3.9
Kyrgyzstan	2012 - 2013	0.43	2.9	0	2	14	3.3
Kyrgyzstan	2013 - 2015	0.43	2.9	0	2	14	3.3
Russia	2000 - 2002	0.29	4.6	0.5	14	28	9.3
Russia	2002 - 2003	0.47	3.8	0.5	14	28	8.6
Russia	2003 - 2007	0.31	1.0	0.5	14	29	8.4
Russia	2007 - 2011	0.29	1.0	0	14	32	6.4
Russia	2011 - 2016	0.46	1.0	0	14	30	7.2
Ukraine	1998 - 2002	0.58	7.1	0.5	13	23	6.1
Ukraine	2002 - 2005	0.48	5.7	0.5	13	24	8.3
Ukraine	2005 - 2006	0.56	4.9	0.5	13	24	11.0
Ukraine	2006 - 2007	0.45	1.6	0	6	26	10.7
Ukraine	2007 - 2010	0.45	2.1	0	6	27	10.0
Ukraine	2010 - 2012	0.46	1.5	0	13	26	12.0
Ukraine	2012 - 2014	0.45	1.3	0.5	13	29	10.9

Table 3. Descriptive statistics on sponsor-related data

Table 5. Power sharing and legislative initiative

	Dependent variable
	Parliamentary initiative
	(1)	Pred. prob. (first difference)	(2)	Pred. prob. (first difference)
Openness
Size of hard-liner opposition (% seats)	–0.359***	–0.155	–0.397***	–0.175
	(0.087)		(0.094)
Size of moderate opposition (% seats)	–0.117	–0.054	–0.143*	–0.067
	(0.064)		(0.070)
Internal fragmentation	0.189*	0.095	0.200**	0.103
	(0.074)		(0.070)
Executive linkage (presidential power)	–0.969***	–0.328	–1.002***	–0.344
	(0.107)		(0.118)
Geographical representation (% SMDs)	0.214***	0.126	0.235***	0.140
	(0.060)		(0.059)
Differentiation
Standing committees	1.271***	0.274	1.337***	0.293
	(0.156)		(0.164)
Internal stratification	0.549***	0.163	0.579***	0.175
	(0.133)		(0.128)
Control variables
Average GDP-growth (%)	–0.086*	–0.115	–0.082*	–0.112
	(0.038)		(0.036)
Average inflation (%)	0.034	0.052	0.031	0.048
	(0.040)		(0.042)
Oil revenues (% of GDP)	–0.505***	–0.241	–0.521***	–0.254
	(0.091)		(0.092)
Concurrent legislative work	–0.799***	–0.436	–0.858***	–0.472
(amending executive bills)	(0.056)		(0.058)
Constant	–0.130		–0.009
	(0.139)		(0.166)
Random intercepts (N)			23
Variance (std. dev.)			0.108 (0.329)
Observations	9,434		9,434
Log Likelihood	-5,872.381		–5,819.799
Akaike Inf. Crit.	11,768.760		11,665.600

Note: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

Table 6. Legislative activity across policy areas

Policy area	Random effect	N	Parliament
Tax and Budget	–0.277	1141	37%
Economy, Finance and Industry	–0.014	1037	37%
Agriculture	0.237	150	49%
Energy	–0.004	174	43%
Defence	–0.363	325	34%
Security	–0.346	203	29%
International and Trade	–0.411	268	33%
Government, Administration and State	–0.240	1314	36%
Culture, Religion and Heritage	0.364	183	50%
Land and Water	0.243	198	47%
Education, Research and Sport	0.322	268	47%
Health	–0.516	256	29%
Social and Labour	–0.357	937	35%
Housing and Urban Development	0.573	261	54%
Civil Rights	0.175	155	44%
Private Law	0.230	485	43%
Penal Law	0.005	970	40%
Public Law, Civil Registry and Services	–0.134	226	30%
Infrastructure and Transport	–0.114	225	34%
Environment	0.053	135	38%
Public Finance, Privatisation and Procurement	0.068	264	41%
Migration	–0.078	117	35%
Media, Communication and Information	0.602	142	54%

Table 7. Individual legislative activity

	Dependent variable
	Number of sponsored laws
	(3)	(4)
Individual variables
Member of loyalist party	1.607***	0.578
	(0.129)	(0.302)
Standing committee rank	1.975***	0.971***
	(0.227)	(0.197)
Parliamentary party rank	0.855***	0.872***
	(0.180)	(0.174)
Membership of parliamentary leadership	3.558***	3.597***
	(0.637)	(0.535)
Single member district mandate	–0.466***	–0.468***
	(0.071)	(0.068)
Member of loyalist party :		1.137***
Standing committee rank (interaction)		(0.342)
Contextual variables
Size of hard-liner opposition (% seats)	–0.192	–0.193
	(0.274)	(0.260)
Size of moderate opposition (% seats)	3.073***	3.056***
	(0.263)	(0.272)
Internal fragmentation	–2.321***	–2.343***
	(0.171)	(0.185)
Executive linkage (presidentialism)	0.892***	0.913***
	(0.214)	(0.207)
Standing committees	3.433***	3.431***
	(0.294)	(0.305)
Constant	–9.280***	–8.416***
	(0.952)	(0.850)
Observations	6,693	6,693
R²	0.136	0.137
Adjusted R²	0.135	0.136
Residual Std. Error	6.862 (df = 6682)	6.857 (df = 6681)
F Statistic	105.001*** (df = 10; 6682)	96.526*** (df = 11; 6681)

Note *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

Table

Annex 1. Parliamentary parties and their relation to the executive
Period	Pro-presidential parties (loyalists)	Moderate opposition	Hard-liner opposition
Kazakhstan
1999 - 2004	Otan; Civic Party; Agrarian Party	(independent deputies)	Auyl
2004 - 2007	Otan; Agro-Industrial Union (AIST); Asar	(independent deputies)	none
2007 - 2012	Nur Otan; Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan	none	none
2012 - 2016	Nur Otan; Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan	People's Communist Party; Ak Zhol	none
Kyrgyzstan
2008 - 2010	Ak Zhol	SDPK	Communist Party
2010 - 2011	SDPK; Respublika; Ata Zhurt	Ata Meken; Ar Namys	none
2011 - 2012	SDPK; Ar Namys; Respublika; Ata Meken	none	Ata Zhurt
2012 - 2013	SDPK; Ar Namys; Ata Meken	Respublika	Ata Zhurt
2013 - 2015	SDPK; Ar Namys; Ata Meken	none	Ata Zhurt; Respublika
Russia
2000 - 2002	Unity; Communist Party; People's Deputy; Agrarian Party; Fatherland-All Russia	Liberal-Democratic Party; (independent deputies)	Regions of Russia; Union of Right Forces; Yabloko
2002 - 2003	Unity; Fatherland-All Russia; People's Deputy; Regions of Russia	Liberal-Democratic Party; (independent deputies)	Communist Party; Union of Right Forces; Yabloko; Agrarian Party
2003 - 2007	United Russia	Liberal-Democratic Party; A Just Russia; Motherland; (independent deputies)	Communist Party
2007 - 2011	United Russia	Liberal-Democratic Party; A Just Russia	Communist Party
2011 - 2016	United Russia	Liberal-Democratic Party; A Just Russia	Communist Party
Ukraine
1998 - 2002	National Rukh; Ukrainian Rukh; Regions of Ukraine; Party of the Greens; SDPU(O); NDP; Labour Ukraine; Reform and Order	Solidarity; Fatherland; (independent deputies)	Communist Party; Socialist Party
2002 - 2005	Regions of Ukraine; SDPU(O); People’s Power; Agrarian Party; Democratic Initiatives; NDP; People's Choice; Labour Ukraine	Communist Party; (independent deputies)	Our Ukraine; Socialist Party; Bloc 'Yulia Timoshenko'
2005 - 2006	Our Ukraine; National Rukh;People's Party; Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; Party of Regions; Socialist Party	(independent deputies)	Bloc 'Yulia Timoshenko'; Revival; Communist Party; Bloc Litvin; Reform and Order; SPDU(O)
2006 - 2007	Party of Regions; Socialist Party; Communist Party	Our Ukraine	Bloc 'Yulia Timoshenko'
2007 - 2010	Our Ukraine; Bloc 'Yulia Timoshenko'; Bloc Litvin	none	Party of Regions; Communist Party
2010 - 2012	Party of Regions; Communist Party; Bloc Litvin; Reforms for the Future	People's Party; (independent deputies)	Our Ukraine; Bloc 'Yulia Timoshenko'
2012 - 2014	Party of Regions; Communist Party	(independent deputies)	Fatherland; Freedom; UDAR