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Original Articles

The legal framework of migration in Greece 1991–2001 and its effectsFootnote1

Pages 135-147 | Published online: 22 Jan 2007
 

Abstract

The last 15 years have shown that Greece has become a country of immigration. Great socio-economic and political changes in Eastern Europe after the collapse of the former Eastern bloc, as well as in Asia and Africa, brought a very large (for Greece) number of migrants. The Greek state and society, which had not experienced such an influx of immigrants before, were caught by surprise, and had to adapt to the new situation as smoothly (and quickly) as possible. Initially, Greece formulated a policy (Law 1975/1991) consisting of limited measures to regulate immigration. In later stages, some decrees and the Law 2910/2001 have been an expression of the Greek state to improve upon the 1991 law, and to meet the challenge of regulating immigration in the country. However, there have been some negative effects of this framework. The purpose of this article is to provide an account of the legal framework of migration in Greece from 1991 to 2001, and to present its effects particularly in relation to asylum applications and refugee status determination, deportations of migrants, and imprisonment of migrants for illegal entrance, residence and employment.

Notes

1 A version of this paper was presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences: The Globalisation of Crime and Justice, Boston, 4–8 March 2003. I am indebted to Nikolaos Sitaropoulos (Greek National Commission for Human Rights) for the provision of useful articles as well as John Tierney, John Winterdyk, Dick Hobbs, Nick Ellison and Ben Bowling for their comments on earlier versions of this paper or on the document this article is based upon.

2 M Baimbridge, B Burkitt and M Macey ‘The Maastricht Treaty: exacerbating racism in Europe?’ Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol 17 No 3, pp 420–441, 1994 (see p 422); N Räthzel ‘Germany: one race, one nation?’ Race and Class Vol 32 No 3, pp 31–48, 1990.

3 M King Fortress Europe: the inclusion and exclusion of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Studies in crime, order and policing, Occasional Paper No 6. Scarman Centre for the Study of Public Order, Leicester, 1994.

4 R Fernhout ‘Europe 1993 and its refugees’, Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol 16 No 3, pp 492–506, 1993.

5 EUROSTAT ‘Monthly and Quarterly Statistics on Asylum: Report on the EU Member States’ 2004. Available online at: http://www.europa.eu.int/justice_home/doc_centre/asylum/statistical/docs/122003_em_en.pdf (accessed on 24 August 2004).

6 T Mathiesen On Globalisation of Control: Towards an Integrated Surveillance System in Europe. Statewatch, London, 1999.

7 F Webber ‘The new Europe: immigration and asylum’ in T Bunyan (ed) Statewatching the New Europe: A Handbook on the European State, Russell Press, Nottingham, 1993, pp 130–141.

8 F Webber ‘European conventions on immigration and asylum’ in T Bunyan (ed) StateWatching the New Europe: A Handbook on the European State, Russell Press, Nottingham, 1993, pp 142–153.

9 V Karydis I Eglimatikotita ton Metanaston stin Ellada: Zitimata Theorias kai Anteglimatikis Politikis. [The Criminality of Migrants in Greece: Issues of Theory and Criminal Policy] Papazisi, Athens, 1996.

10 E Droukas ‘Southern European immigration: Albanians in Greece’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol 24, No 2, pp 347–365, 1998.

11 Karydis, op cit, Ref 9, see p 65.

12 W J Chambliss ‘Crime control and ethnic minorities: legitimising racial oppression by creating moral panics’ in D F Hawkins (ed) Ethnicity, Race and Crime, State University of New York Press, New York, 1995, pp 235–258

13 W F McDonald ‘Criminal aliens: crime control, immigration control, or political control’, in A P Schmid (ed) Migration and Crime: Proceedings of the International Conference on ‘Migration and Crime. Global and Regional Problems and Responses’ Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, 5–8 October 1996, ISPAC, Milan, 1998, pp 259–272.

14 N Glytsos ‘Problems and policies regarding the socio-economic integration of returnees and foreign workers in Greece’ International Migration Vol 33, No 2, pp 155–176, 1995 (see p 168).

15 Karydis, op cit, Ref 9

16 Ibid, pp 75–76.

17 Karydis, op cit, Ref 9.

18 N Sitaropoulos ‘The new legal framework of alien immigration in Greece: A draconian contribution to Europe's unification’ Immigration & Nationality Law & Practice, Vol 6, No 3, pp 89–96, 1992 (see p 89).

19 G Lazaridis ‘Immigration to Greece: a critical evaluation of Greek policy’ New Community, Vol 22, No 2, pp 335–348, 1996, (see p 342).

20 I Kourtovic ‘Metanastes: Anamesa sto Dikaio kai ti Nomimotita (Deltio Eglimatikotitas)’ [Migrants: between the just and legality (criminality bulletin)], in A Marvakis, D Parsanoglou and M Pavlou (eds) Metanastes stin Ellada [Migrants in Greece], Ellinika Grammata, Athens, 2001, pp 163–198.

21 N Sitaropoulos ‘Greek immigration and refugee law—an update’ Immigration & Nationality Law & Practice Vol 8, No 2, pp 57–60, 1994.

22 Ibid.

23 A Rafia ‘Oi Metanastes Primodotisan Tin Elliniki Oikonomia’ [The migrants gave a boost to the Greek economy], Oikonomikos Tachydromos 17 August 2002, pp 34–36.

24 See M Baldwin-Edwards ‘The Greek regularisation—a comparative analysis with the Spanish, Portuguese and Italian experiences’. Available online at http://www.rdg.ac.uk/EIS/research/emc/publications/edwards.htm (accessed on 20 February 2001).

25 See Youth Against Racism—Greece To Imerologio tou Ratsismou stin Ellada: Theseis kai Protaseis gia tous Metanastes [The diary of racism in Greece: positions and proposals for migrants], Youth Against Racism—Greece, Athens, 2000.

26 See Astynomiki Epitheorisi ‘Ypiresies Synoriakis Fylaksis’ [Border guard services], Astynomiki Epitheorisi Vol 19, No 3, pp 270–277, 2002.

27 S Krikkis ‘Emeinan Paranomoi 150,000 Ksenoi’ [150],000 foreigners remained [illegal], Ta Nea, 8 August 2001, p 13.

28 E Guild The European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (1977), University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 1999, p 8.

29 G Sciortino ‘Immigration into Europe and public policy: do stops really work?’ New Community Vol 18, No 1, pp 89–99, 1991.

30 G Z Peponis ‘I Kratisi sti Fylaki ton Ypo Dikastiki Apelasi Telounton Allodapon’ [The detention of aliens awaiting judicial deportation], Poinika Chronika Vol 51, pp 94–96, 2001.

31 A Theofilopoulos ‘Lathrometanastes: Epiptoseis stin Asfaleia kai Oikonomiki-Koinoniki Zoi tis Horas’ [Undocumented migrants: consequences in security and economic-social life of the country], Astynomiki Epitheorisi, November 1999, pp 696–698.

32 N Sitaropoulos ‘Paranomi Eisodos Prosfygon se Chora Ypodochis kai Dikanikoi Syllogismoi Ab Absurdo—Symvoli stin Ermimia tou Arthrou 31(1) tis Symvasis tis Genevis gia to Kathestos ton Prosfygon’ [Illegal entry of refugees into a receiving country and judicial syllogisms ab absurdo—a contribution to the interpretation of Article 31(1) of the Geneva Convention on the Legal Status of Refugees], Epetirida Dikaiou Prosfygon kai Allodapon pp 135–146, 1998.

33 See N Sitaropoulos ‘Modern Greek asylum policy and practice in the context of the relevant European developments’ Journal of Refugee Studies Vol 13, No 1, pp 105–117, 2000; D K Sideris ‘I Epiklisi tis Idiotitas tou Politikou Prosfyga Enopion ton Ellinikon Poinikon Dikastikon Archon’ [The invocation of the capacity of political refugee in the Greek Penal Courts], Poinika Chronika Vol 43, pp 1217–1237, 1993; D K Sideris ‘Dioikitiki kai Dikastiki Apelasi Allodapon kai Politikon Prosfygon’ [Administrative and judicial deportation of aliens and political refugees], Poinika Chronika Vol 47, pp 1233–1250, 1997.

34 ESYE Statistiki tis Dikaiosynis: Politiki, Eglimatologiki, Sofronistiki. [Statistics of Justice: Political, Criminological, Correctional], ESYE, Athens, 2000.

35 See G A Antonopoulos ‘The limitations of official statistics in relation to the criminality of migrants in Greece’ Police Practice and Research: An International Journal Vol 6, No 3, pp 251–260, 2005.

36 S Georgoulas ‘I Nea Metanasteftiki Koinoniki Politiki stin Ellada kai I Nomimopoiisi tis’ [The new migrant social policy in Greece and its legitimisation], in A Marvakis, D Parsanoglou and M Pavlou (eds) Metanastes stin Ellada [Migrants in Greece], Ellinika Grammata, Athens, 2001, pp 199–226.

37 A Podgórecki Law and Society, Routledge and Keegan Paul, London, 1974.

38 See B Bowling and C Phillips Racism, Crime and Justice, Longman, Harlow, Middx, 2002.

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