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Original Articles

Emotions in ODR

Pages 145-156 | Published online: 20 Sep 2007
 

Abstract

For years, the emotions of individuals involved in the areas of negotiation and conflict resolution have been widely researched. Standard methods of negotiation have dealt with the individuals' arousal and expression of a vast array of emotional states. If we consider ODR as a communicative process involving a group of individuals engaged in an interactive decision-making task, we will need to admit that emotions are an essential component in any online disputing process. This paper proposes a review of recent literature on emotions and ODR to discuss controversial issues such as the capacity of ODR techniques to deal with emotions and the advantages and disadvantages of computer-mediated communication versus face-to-face communication in terms of expressions of emotions.

Notes

1. See, for example, B L Fredrikson ‘The value of positive emotions’ American Scientist Vol 91, pp 330–336, 2003; R Lane and L Nadel (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion Oxford University Press, New York, 2000; A L Hinton (ed) Biocultural Approaches to the Emotions Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999; S Planalp Communicating Emotion: Social, Moral, and Cultural Processes Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999; P Ekman and R J Davidson (eds) The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions Oxford University Press, New York, 1994; C Lutz and G M White ‘The anthropology of emotions’ Annual Review of Anthropology Vol 15, pp 405–436, 1986.

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4. Op cit, note 1.

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6. Op cit, note 5. See also K Oatley and P Johnson-Laird ‘Towards a cognitive theory of emotion’ Cognition & Emotion Vol 1, pp 51–58, 1987; C M Worthman ‘Emotions: you can feel the difference’ in A L Hinton (ed) Biocultural Approaches to the Emotions Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999, pp 41–74.

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8. For the purpose of this paper, we use ODR in a broad and flexible sense to encompass not only disputes that originate from online transactions, but also off-line disputes handled online. Similarly, the ‘online’ component may be extended to include the use of electronic applications such as video-conferencing, mobile telephony, voIP, etc.

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28. Shah, op cit, note 27; Nadler, op cit, note 27; Goodman, op cit, note 27; R A Friedman and S C Currall ‘E-mail escalation: dispute exacerbating elements of electronic communication’ Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 2004; R Birke and L E Teitz, ‘U.S. mediation in 2001: the path that brought America to uniform laws and mediation in cyberspace’ American Journal of Comparative Law Vol 50, pp 181–213, 2002; E Katsch, E Rifkin & A Gaitenby ‘E-commerce, e-disputes, and e-dispute resolution: in the shadow of ‘eBay law’ Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution Vol 15, pp 705–714, 2000; J B Eisen, ‘Are we ready for mediation in cyberspace?’ BYU Law Review, Vol 4, p 1305, 1998.

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30. Shah, op cit, note 27; Birke and Teitz, op cit, note 28; Eisen, op cit, note 28.

31. Shah, op cit, note 27; Goodman, op cit, note 27.

32. Katsh et al, op cit, note 28.

33. Nadler, op cit, note 27.

34. Eisen, op cit, note 28.

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42. Braeutigam, op cit, note 24.

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47. Raines, op cit, note 35.

48. Alexander, op cit, note 40.

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50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

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54. Kato and Akahori, op cit, note 45.

55. Nadler, op cit, note 27.

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