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Abstract
Recruitment, selection and training have become critically important issues for police departments around the world in large part because of significant changes in the philosophy and nature of policing, higher expectations by their constituencies, and because of continuing efforts at professionalization. This paper highlights seven pressing issues, as at 2008, that will likely define recruitment, selection and training of police over the next several years. Two areas in recruitment and selection are discussed: proactive recruitment to promote diversity and college-education requirements. The paper then turns to five critical issues in police training: changing the pedagogy (andragogy is described), community and problem-oriented policing philosophies, multicultural/diversity training, technology, and counter-terrorism. The paper first examines the issues from an American perspective, but then each issue is considered through an international lens. This international focus offers a broader perspective that both highlights important differences between the USA and other countries and provides critical insights about lessons learned elsewhere.
Notes
1. Portions of this paper are drawn from M.D. White, Current Issues and Controversies in Policing (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2007).
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14. See p. 27 of D.L. Carter and A.D. Sapp, ‘Police Education and Minority Recruitment: The Impact of a College Requirement’, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC, 1991.
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16. Reiner, The Politics of the Police.
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22. Ibid.
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27. See p. 32 of M.L. Birzer, ‘The Theory of Andragogy Applied to Police Training’, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 26, no. 1 (2003): 29–42.
28. Bayley and Bittner, ‘Learning the Skills of policing’, 55.
29. S. Brookfield, Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1986); R.S. Caffarella, ‘Self-Directed Learning’, in S. Merriam (ed.) An Update on Adult Learning Theory, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993); S.B. Merriam and R.S. Caffarella, Learning in Adulthood, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1999).
30. Birzer, ‘The Theory of Andragogy’.
31. Ibid., (34–35).
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33. Skolnick and Fyfe, Above the Law.
34. Lord, ‘Swedish Police Selection’, 286.
35. D.K. Das and A. L. Robinson, ‘The Police in Norway: A Profile’, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 24, no. 3 (2001): 330–46.
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37. Marenin, ‘Police Training for Democracy’, 116.
38. Ibid.
39. R. Heslop, ‘“Doing a Maslow”: Humanistic Education and Diversity in Police Training’, The Police Journal 79 (2006): 331–41.
40. Walker and Katz, The Police in America.
41. M.R. Haberfeld, Critical Issues in Training (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002).
42. Ibid.
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44. Engel and Burruss, ‘Human Rights in the New Training Curriculum’.
45. Haberfeld, Critical Issues in Training.
46. R.C. Davis, N.J. Henderson and C. Merrick, ‘Community Policing: Variations on the Western Model in the Developing World’, Police Practice and Research 4, no. 3 (2003): 285–300.
47. The Kerner Commission [National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders], Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1967).
48. H.B. Grant and K.J. Terry, Law Enforcement in the 21st Century (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2005).
49. Haberfeld, Critical Issues in Training; R.M. Shusta, D.R. Levine, P.R. Harris and H.Z. Wang, Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995).
50. D.H. Champion and M.K. Hooper, Introduction to American Policing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003).
51. Haberfeld, Critical Issues in Training.
52. Ibid., 195.
53. Das and Robinson, ‘The Police in Norway’.
54. Engel and Burruss, ‘Human Rights in the New Training Curriculum’, 501.
55. Ibid., 502.
56. Lord, ‘Swedish Police Selection’, 286.
57. M.J. Hickman and B.A. Reaves, Local Police Departments, 2000 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 2003).
58. M.S. Stroshine, ‘Information Technology Innovations in Policing’, in Critical Issues in Policing, ed. R.G. Dunham and G.P. Alpert, 5th ed. (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2005).
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61. Igbinovia, ‘The Future of the Nigeria Police’, 547.
62. Bruce Glassock, ‘Letter to IACP colleagues’. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of police (16 October 2001).
63. New York City Police Department, Training Bureau: 2002 Annual Report (New York: NYPD, 2002), 1.
64. M. Deflem, ‘Israel Undercover: An Ethnography of Counter-Terrorism in Jerusalem Unit YAMAS’, Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology meetings in Los Angeles, 1–4 November 2006.
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66. Manhattan Institute, Hard Won Lessons: Policing Terrorism in the United States (New York: Manhattan Institute, 2005).
67. Ibid., 9.
68. See p. 12 of P. Nesser, ‘Jihad in Europe – A Survey of the Motivations for Sunni Islamist Terrorism in Post-Millennium Europe’, FFI/RAPPORT, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2004.