A longitudinal analysis of the relationships between depression, fatigue, and pain in patients with heart failure

Abstract

Objectives

Depression, pain, and fatigue are common and bothersome symptoms in heart failure, a serious illness in older adults. Understanding longitudinal pathways among depression, pain, and fatigue in heart failure could inform treatment and improve quality of life.

Methods

We completed secondary, longitudinal data analyses of a sample of older adults with heart failure (baseline N = 317). Bootstrapped mediation was used to examine two longitudinal models of pain and depression, with fatigue at 6-months as the mediator. The outcome variables were 12-month pain and depression.

Results

Depressive symptoms were associated with new onset of pain symptoms; however, this association was mediated by fatigue. Pain was not associated with new depression or fatigue symptoms in this sample.

Discussion

In patients with heart-failure, worsening pain symptoms appear to be directly related to levels of depression and fatigue. These findings demonstrate that depression and fatigue may be key to reducing pain symptoms in this population.

Keywords:

• Depression
• fatigue
• pain
• heart failure

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research [NIH R01-013422]; NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA [UL1 TR001082]; and the Department of Veterans Affairs, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government.