https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-0015
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Abstract
Objectives
Psychological flexibility/inflexibility (PF/PI) is a core component of the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) model, which is gaining more attention in the geropsychological literature. This scoping review examines the size and scope of the research on PF/PI in older adulthood related to age differences between older adult and younger samples, correlates relevant to psychological health, and changes with ACT.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Peer-reviewed articles available in English were included that: had a mean age ≥65 and a minimum age ≥60; and reported self-report measures of PF/PI. We categorized PF/PI into three domains: open, aware, and engaged.
Results
Forty-six articles were included. Most studies measured open or aware domains; few measured the engaged domain. Older adults evidenced greater awareness compared to younger adults (9 of 13 analyses were significant). Openness and awareness consistently yielded medium to large correlations with anxiety and depression. PF/PI did not relate with positive affect and inconsistently correlated with quality of life measures.
Conclusion
Despite emerging trends, variability and limitations were evident in the literature. Specifically, measurement issues, lack of conceptual clarity, and the omission of values and behavioral measures require future attention.
Disclosure statement
We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. These contents do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
Funding
This work was supported in part by the National Institute on Aging, under grant #5T32AG044296-07 [EP]; Department of Veteran Affairs, under VISN 7 Research Development Award [MLJ]; Health Resources and Services Administration, under grant # D4093336 [RSA]; and National Institute of Nursing Research, under grant # R01NR018479 [JJA].