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ABSTRACT
Based on original archival research and oral history interviews, this article examines how the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) adapted to the evolving circumstances during South Africa’s transition from apartheid to democracy between 1990 and 1994. It argues that the successful framing and impact of the Free Nelson Mandela Campaign (FNMC) of the 1980s, inadvertently created a series of challenges for the AAM in the years after Mandela’s release from prison in February 1990, as many in Britain came to associate this moment with the end of apartheid. The pervasive sense that apartheid was over, coupled with the complexity, uncertainty and violence of South Africa’s political transition, created a difficult campaigning environment for the AAM, who found it hard to maintain the momentum generated through the FNMC. Despite encountering numerous (trans)national and local challenges which inhibited its impact after 1990, this article concludes that the AAM’s persistent campaigning presence allowed it to capitalise following renewed British interest in South Africa following the announcement in June 1993 of a date for the first non-racial democratic election. This enabled the AAM to make a tangible contribution, primarily through fundraising, to the African National Congress’ successful election victory in May 1994.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Christabel Gurney, Brian Filling, and David Kenvyn for putting us in contact with their networks, which enabled opportunities to secure interviews with former AAM activists for this project. We also want to extend our appreciation and thanks to the many activists who agreed to give up their time to be interviewed. Furthermore, we are grateful to Bob Murphy for painstakingly digitalising large amounts of his personal collection for us. We would also like to express our gratitude to the three anonymous peer-reviewers for their constructive comments which have helped to improve this article. Finally, we are enormously thankful to Prof. Ian Phimister, Dr. Rebecca Swartz, Bill Graham, and Christabel Gurney for reading and commenting upon earlier drafts of the article.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Sapire, “Liberation Movements,” 271.
2. Thörn, “Global Civil Society,” 250.
3. AAM Archives, “Boycott South African Goods,” http://www.aamarchives.org/campaigns/boycott.html.
4. Tony Hollingsworth, “Nelson Mandela Dies: The Story behind his 70 Birthday Concert,” Daily Telegraph, 6 December 2013. https://bit.ly/2PfjnJ6.
5. Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), “Anti-Apartheid Movement Report to the 1990 Annual General Meeting.” 1 October 1990. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b0100067.
6. Although this article focusses on the British AAM, for further details on global anti-apartheid campaigns see, South African Democracy Education Trust (SADET), International Solidarity, and the collection of articles in the Radical History Review: The Global Anti-Apartheid Movement, 119 (Spring, 2014).
7. Thörn, “The Meaning(s) of Solidarity,” 418. See also, Thörn, “Global Civil Society,” 249–266.
8. Keck and Sikkink, Activists beyond borders, 2.
9. Stevens, “Why South Africa?” 207, 224.
10. Fevre, “Scottish Exceptionalism?” 525–542.
11. See, Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid; Gurney, “A Great Cause,” 123–44; Gurney, “Difficult Decade,” 471–87; Skinner, Foundations of Anti-Apartheid; Klein, “Political Prisoner,” 455–470; Skinner, “‘Every Bite,” 97–114; and Williams, Race in Britain.
12. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 441–463.
13. Gurney, “Heart of the Beast,” 255–352.
14. To access the archived interviews see, https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/interviews.html.
15. Gurney, “Difficult Decade,” 471–87.
16. Maise Carter was a prominent trade unionist and member of the Merton Anti-Apartheid group in South London. Maisie Carter, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 26 October 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Carter’).
17. Klein, “Political Prisoner,” 465.
18. Mandela, Freedom, 602–603.
19. Posel, “Madiba,” 74.
20. Klein, “Political Prisoner,” 466.
21. Posel, “Madiba,” 73.
22. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 53.
23. Klein, “Political Prisoner,” 465–468.
24. These were Dundee, Aberdeen, Midlothian, Sheffield, Islwyn, Newcastle, Hull, and Greenwich.
25. Proposals from councillors in Aberdeen to award the Freedom of the City to Nelson and Winnie Mandela whipped up a media frenzy in 1984. See, “Don”t Give Mr Mandela This Honour!” Evening Express, 5 January 1984; “No freedom for terrorist, says Tory,” Evening Express, 13 February 1984.
26. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM,” 13.
27. Dali Tambo is the son of the ANC’s leader in exile Oliver Tambo.
28. AAM, “Anti-Apartheid Movement Annual Report on Activities and Developments.” 1 September 1986. 37. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b0100064.
29. AAM, “Anti-Apartheid Movement Annual Report on Activities and Developments.” 1 September 1988. 13. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b0100066.
30. Christabel Gurney was the Secretary of Notting Hill Anti-Apartheid Group, member of the AAM’s National Committee, and editor of Anti-Apartheid News (1969–1980). Christabel Gurney, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 20 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Gurney’); and John Nelson, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 19 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Nelson’).
31. Klein, “The Anti-Apartheid Movement,” 257.
32. AAM, “Report to the AGM Oct 1988—Oct 1989. 1 January 1989.” 34. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1200022.
33. AAM, “Annual Report on Activities and Developments.” 1988. 33.
34. Ibid., 29.
35. Brian Hurwitz, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 18 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Hurwitz’); Amin Mawani, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 1 September 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Mawani’); and Hanef Bhamjee, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 4 December 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Bhamjee’).
36. Tony Dykes, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 11 November 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Dykes’); Brian Filling, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 17 September 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Filling’); and Jerry Dammers, interviewed by Jeff Howarth, transcript, 20 February 2014, https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/interviews/jerry-dammers.html.
37. Margaret Ling was an active member of the Haringey Anti-Apartheid Group, a member of the AAM’s Executive Committee, edited Anti-Apartheid News during the 1980s, and co-founded AA Enterprises, a cooperative established in 1986 trading with the frontline states and selling anti-apartheid merchandise. Ling also worked in the International Defence and Aid Fund’s Information Department from 1975 to 1984. Margaret Ling, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 6 October 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Ling’).
38. Klein, “The Anti-Apartheid Movement,” 252.
39. Interview with Dykes.
40. Klein, “The Anti-Apartheid Movement,” 260.
41. Douek, Insurgency and counterinsurgency; Waldmeir, Miracle; and Sparks, Tomorrow.
42. “Anti-apartheid activists find cause for joy,” The Times, 3 February 1990.
43. Melber and Saunders, “Namibia”s Transition to Independence,” 73–94.
44. See note 26 above.
45. Declaration on the Release of Nelson Mandela. 18 February 1990. Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection.
46. AAM Campaign Statement 28 April 1990. Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection.
47. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 443.
48. Johnson, South Africa, 200.
49. Interview with Carter; Interview with Guthrie; Interview with Dykes; Interview with Ling; Agnus Tolmie, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 25 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Tolmie’); and Allison Barrett, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 28 September 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Barrett’).
50. AAM, ‘Campaigning Perspectives into the 1990 South Africa: Freedom Now.’ 1 January 1990. 4. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1100067.
51. Hanef Bhamjee was Secretary of the Welsh Committee of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (1981–1994). Interview with Bhamjee.
52. Mark Guthrie joined the AAM in 1977 and was at different times a member of local groups in Leicester, Manchester, and London. He was also a founding member of Lawyers Against Apartheid. Interview with Guthrie.
53. David Hillman became an AAM activist in 1985 and joined the Hammersmith and Fulham AA group. He was also on the London Committee of the Anti-Apartheid Movement. Interview with David Hillman, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 24 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Hillman’).
54. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 2.
55. South Africa Freedom Now, and The AAM, “Future Perspectives for the Anti-Apartheid Movement.” 29 April 1990. 4. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1100078; and Graham, “Foreign Policy in Transition,” 410.
56. AAM, “Report to the National Committee on the South African Freedom Now Campaign.” 1 January 1990. 1. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1100054; AAM, “Future perspectives,” 1990, 8–9; and on discussions between the AAM and the British Government over sanctions during the transition period see, Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 444–449.
57. See, AAM, “South Africa: Prospects for Peace and Democracy; The Political Report of the Anti-Apartheid Movement.” 1 October 1992. 9–11. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b0100068; Ferrari, “Anti-Apartheid goes to Brussels,” 255–257; and Anderson, Justke, Siegfried, Apartheid and Anti-Apartheid.
58. Interview with Ling; Interview with Gurney; Interview with Tolmie; Interview with Barrett; Interview with Filling; and Interview with Hurwitz.
59. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM,” 8.
60. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 16 February 1991. 3. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300183; and AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 11 May 1991. 3. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300184.
61. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1991, 11.
62. AAM, Political Report October 1992, 16.
63. David Kenvyn was chair of the London Committee of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (1982–1988). Interview with Kenvyn.
64. Gerard Omasta-Milsom was a member of the Bristol University Anti-Apartheid Group and fulfilled the roles of Field Officer and Campaigns Officer for the AAM from 1988. Gerard Omasta-Milsom, interviewed by Jeff Howarth, transcript, 17 September 2013. (Abbreviated as “Interview with Omasta-Milsom”). https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/interviews/gerard-omasta-milsom.html.
65. Anti-Apartheid News, November 1990, 4.
66. Interview with Filling; Karen Talbot, interview with author, Zoom recording, 29 September 2020. (Abbreviated as “Interview with Talbot”); and Interview with Kenvyn.
67. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 14 September 1991. 4. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300185.
68. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 12. Unemployment data found at: Office for National Statistics. “An Overview of the UK Labour Market.” Accessed 18 March 2021. https://bit.ly/392R0od.
69. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM,” 15.
70. AAM, “Campaign Perspectives,” January 1990, 6; Anti-Apartheid News, February 1990, 2.
71. Anti-Apartheid News, October 1991, 1.
72. AAM, “National Committee,” 6 February 1991, 4.
73. The AAM worked with the ANC, SWAPO, and End Loans to Southern Africa (ELTSA) to establish the World Gold Commission and was headed by Peter Robbins. See, World Gold Commission. The Case for a Gold Sanction in the Fight Against Apartheid (1989). Accessed 18 February 2021. https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/history/1980s/80s62-the-case-for-a-gold-sanction.html?highlight=WyJnb2xkIiwiZ29sZCciXQ==.
74. “Gold Picket in the Precinct,” Hammersmith and Shepherds Bush Gazette, 9 November 1990, 7; and “Jewellery chain to stop use of gold from South Africa,” The Times, 17 July 1990.
75. Anti-Apartheid News, November 1990, 12.
76. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM,” 20–21; and Interview with Hillman.
77. Anti-Apartheid News, July/August 1990, 4.
78. Interview with Bhamjee.
79. “De Klerk appeal to negotiate follows burial of apartheid,” The Times, 18 June 1991.
80. Anti-Apartheid News, July/August 1991, 7.
81. Young, “Frontiers of a new land,” 17.
82. See: Freidman, Journey; Guelke, Transition; Landsberg, Liberation; Reynolds, Election.
83. Karen Talbot was an AAM Press Officer from 1985. Interview with Talbot.
84. Interview with Guthrie.
85. Interview with Kenvyn.
86. Interview with Barrett.
87. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 1.
88. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1991, 10; Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 1, 12; and Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 3.
89. Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 3; and Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 12.
90. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 16 May 1992. 2. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300188; and AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 3 October 1992. 1. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300189.
91. Interview with Ling.
92. Paul Phillipou was a member of the Earl’s Court Anti-Apartheid Group from the mid-1980s. Paul Phillipou, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 27 August 2020. (Abbreviated as ‘Interview with Phillipou’).
93. On the British public response to the Gulf War see, Rallings “the Gulf War,” 376–388; and Jones, “Ending Cold War Fears,” 253–275.
94. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM.” 40; Interview with Dykes; Interview with Nelson; Interview with Philippou; Interview with Ling; Interview with Barrett; and Interview with Gurney.
95. Anti-Apartheid News, October 1991, 8.
96. AAM, General elections local group mailing, 20 March 1992. Bob Murphy’s Personal collection; AAM, Manifesto for Democracy. Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection.
97. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 444.
98. There is a significant body of work on the violence during South Africa’s transition, see, Kynoch, Township violence; Douek, “Counterinsurgency’s impact on transitions,” 255–275; Guelke, “political violence,” 239–254; and Ellis, “South Africa’s third force,” 261–299.
99. Interview with Nelson; Interview with Dykes; and Interview with Ling.
100. Anti-Apartheid News, November 1990, 7; Marinovich and Silva, Bang-Bang Club.
101. Anti-Apartheid News, November 1990, 1.
102. AAM, “Report to the 1990 AGM,” 16; and AAM, ‘‘Call to Freedom’ declaration,” https://bit.ly/30QpW6Y.
103. See note 85 above.
104. AAM, “National Committee,” 3 October 1992, 6.
105. Interview with Omasta-Milsom.
106. Anti-Apartheid News, July/August 1992, 12.
107. Ibid., 1.
108. Graham, “Foreign Policy in Transition,” 409–411.
109. Anti-Apartheid News, July/August 1990, 2.
110. African National Congress, “African National Congress Consultative Conference: Speeches and Resolutions, 12 December 1990,” 5. https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/cnf19901200.026.021.000.pdf; and Mandela, Freedom, 707.
111. Anti-Apartheid News, October 1990, 12.
112. AAM, “The Role of Sanctions in Promoting Democratic Change,” April 1993, Bob Murphy”s Personal Collection; and “Mandela kills off sanctions,” The Guardian, 25 September 1993.
113. AAM, “National Committee,” 16 February 1991, 7. On South African banks opening in Britain see, Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1992, 2. On bank involvement in the issuance of public bonds see, AAM, “National Committee,” 14 September 1991, 2–3.
114. AAM, “National Committee,” 16 May 1992, 4.
115. Interview with Ling; and interview with Barrett.
116. See note 78 above.
117. There was also some uncertainty in early-1993 concerning the arms embargo. For example, the AAM was unsure over the ANC’s stance on the delivery of sixty Pilatus military training aircraft to South Africa from Switzerland, in breach of the arms embargo. AAM, ‘Minutes of the AAM National Committee.’ 11 September 1993. 1. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300194.
118. Interview with Filling.
119. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1992, 8; Interview with Gurney; and AAM, “National Committee,” 27 February 1993, 2. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300191.
120. See note 114 above.
121. Anti-Apartheid News, October 1990, 12.
122. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1991, 2.
123. See note 91 above.
124. AAM, “Future perspectives,” 29 April 1990, 9.
125. AAM, “National Committee,” 3 October 1992, 4.
126. AAM, “National Committee,” 16 February 1991, 3.
127. On membership rate increases see, AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 7 July 1990. 3. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300180. On advertising rate increases see, AAM, “Report to 1990 AGM,” 40.
128. AAM, “National Committee,” 11 May 1991; and AAM, “National Committee,” 3 October 1992, 4.
129. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 15 February 1992. 2. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300187; and Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 12.
130. Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 10.
131. AAM, “National Committee,” 3 October 1992, 3; and Anti-Apartheid News, February/March 1993, 12.
132. Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 12; Ben Jackson, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 1 October 2020. (Abbreviated as “Interview with Jackson”); Interview with Gurney; and Interview with Ling.
133. Anti-Apartheid News, March 1991, 12; Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1991, 12; Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1992, 12; and AAM, “National Committee,” 27 February 1993, 8.
134. Anti-Apartheid News, October 1991, 12.
135. Anti-Apartheid News, July-August 1991, 12; and AAM, “National Committee,” 14 September 1991, 4.
136. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 2.
137. Brian Filling was the chair of the Scottish Committee of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (1976–1994). He is currently the Honorary Consul for South Africa in Scotland and chair of Action for Southern Africa Scotland. Interview with Filling.
138. AAM, “National Committee,” 16 February 1991, 5; Anti-Apartheid News, July/August 1991, 5.
139. Anti-Apartheid News, September 1991, 5.
140. AAM, “Changes and Challenges: A discussion paper on the future role of the Anti-apartheid Movement,” 23 March 1992, Bob Murphy”s Personal Collection; and AAM, “Southern Africa: A Time for Hope; The Political Report of the Anti-Apartheid Movement.” 1 October 1993. 16. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b0100069.
141. AAM, “Political Report,” October 1993, 16.
142. Williams, Race in Britain, 78–165.
143. Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 345–351.
144. AAM, “National Committee,” 15 February 1992, 6; and interview with Tony Dykes.
145. Anti-Apartheid News, February/March 1993, 10; Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1992, 10; and Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 7.
146. Anti-Racist Alliance, “ARA Pamphlet,” 1992. Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection; and Anti-Apartheid News, March/April 1992, 7.
147. Anonymised activist, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 25 August 2020; and Interview with Carter.
148. See note 85 above.
149. AAM, “Political Report,” October 1993. 17.
150. On the ANC’s International Solidarity Conference see, Anti-Apartheid News, April/May 1993, 3.
151. Interview with Filling. On commemorative events held after Chris Hani’s assassination see, Anti-Apartheid News, June 1993, 10.
152. Anti-Apartheid News, June 1993, 12.
153. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 10 July 1993. Accessed 19 April 2021. https://jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300193.
154. AAM, Manifesto for Free and Fair Elections in South Africa. Accessed 12 April 2021. https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/history/1990s/90s25-manifesto-for-free-and-fair-elections.html?highlight = WyJmcmVlIiwiJ2ZyZWUiLCJmcmVlJyIsImZyZWUnLCIsImZyZWUnLiIsImZhaXIiLCJtYW5pZmVzdG8iLCJmb3IiLCInZm9yIiwiZWxlY3Rpb25zIiwibWFuaWZlc3RvIGZvciIsImZvciBlbGVjdGlvbnMiXQ==.
155. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1993, 5.
156. AAM, ‘Minutes of the AAM National Committee.’ 5 February 1994. Accessed 19 April 2021. https://jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300196.
157. AAM, Manifesto for Free and Fair Elections in South Africa; and Iain Whyte, interviewed by author, Zoom recording, 12 August 2020.
158. As cited in, Fieldhouse, Anti-Apartheid, 284.
159. Ibid., 458.
160. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1994, 12.
161. AAM, “Introducing our twin region: London—PWV,” 1992, Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection; and AAM, “National Committee,” 10 July 1993, 3.
162. AAM, “National Committee,” 10 July 1993, 3; and Anti-Apartheid News, September/October 1993, 12.
163. See, Anti-Apartheid News, September/October 1993, 12; Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1993, 10; and Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1994, 10.
164. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 7 May 1994. 3. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300197.
165. Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1994, 3.
166. Mandela’s appearance in Glasgow generated considerable local publicity. See, “Warmth of Welcome Delights ANC Leader,” Courier & Advertiser, 11 October 1993; “Passionate cry for freedom,” The Scotsman, 11 October 1993; “A far-sighted Mandela,” Aberdeen Press and Journal, 11 October 1993; and “Glasgow Belongs to Mandela,” The Herald, 11 October 1993.
167. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1993, 3.
168. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1993, 8.
169. Brian Hurwitz joined the AAM after moving to London from South Africa in the late-1970s and was active at different times within local groups such as Barnet, Richmond, and Merton. He was also a founding member of Lawyers Against Apartheid. Interview with Hurwitz; Interview with Barrett; and Interview with Bhamjee.
170. AAM, South Africa’s first democratic and non-racial elections, Election Briefing, numbers 1–3, April 1994. Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection.
171. Anti-Apartheid News, November/December 1993, 10; Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1994, 3; and Anti-Apartheid News, Election Special 1994, 4.
172. For examples of local group fundraising see, Anti-Apartheid News, January/February 1994, 10; Interview with Nelson; Interview with Guthrie; Interview with Hurwitz; and Interview with Gurney.
173. AAM, “Minutes of the AAM National Committee.” 7 May 1994. 3. Accessed 29 March 2021. doi:10.2307/al.sff.document.aamp2b1300197; and Anti-Apartheid News, June/July 1994, 20.
174. John McFadden, interview with author, Zoom recording, 24 June 2015; AAM, “National Committee,” 7 May 1994, 3; and Anti-Apartheid News, June/July 1994, 4.
175. Christabel Gurney interviewed by Hana Sandhu, transcript, 16 October 2013, https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/interviews/christabel-gurney.html; and AAM, “National Committee,” 7 May 1994, 1–4.
176. AAM, “National Committee,” 7 May 1994, 4–7; AAM, “Sekunjalo: Now is the time! A consultative document on the future of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, May 1994.” Bob Murphy’s Personal Collection; Anti-Apartheid News, June/July 1994; and Anti-Apartheid News, September/October 1994 (The Last Issue).
177. Simon Korner was the Secretary and Chair of Hackney AA group (1986–1994). Simon Korner interviewed by Matthew Battey, transcript, 23 September 2013, https://bit.ly/3syoZwu.
178. Lord Hughes of Woodside memories, 14 February 2014. Accessed 30 March 2021. https://www.aamarchives.org/archive/memories/mem01-lord-hughes-of-woodside.html?highlight=WyJodWdoZXMiXQ==
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Matthew Graham
Matthew Graham is a Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Dundee, and a Research Associate at the International Studies Group (University of the Free State), with a particular focus on South and Southern Africa. His recent publications include Contemporary Africa. London: Red Globe Press, 2018; and, ‘Campaigning Against Apartheid: The Rise, Fall and Legacies of the South Africa United Front 1960–1962’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, in 2018.
Christopher Fevre is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the International Studies Group at the University of the Free State, focusing on twentieth century British and South African history. His recent publications include ‘“Scottish Exceptionalism?” Trade Unions and the Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1976–1994’, Journal of Southern African Studies, in 2019; and, ‘Race and Resistance to Policing Before the “Windrush Years”: The Colonial Defence Committee and the Liverpool “Race Riots” of 1948’, Twentieth Century British History, in 2020.