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1 Samuel Huntington' is perhaps the best-known exponent of the idea that democracies have emerged through a series of waves, the third of which – by his account – occurred in the years following the fall of the Portuguese dictatorship in 1974 (see Huntington, Citation1991). Renske Doorenspleet suggests a fourth wave can be identified in the period 1989–2001 (see Doorenspleet, Citation2005).
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