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Abstract
Standardization is one of the pillars of interoperability. In this context, efforts promoted by the Open Geospatial Consortium, such as CityGML (Technical University, Berlin), a standard for exchanging three-dimensional models or urban city objects, are welcomed. However, information from other domains of interest (e.g. energy efficiency or building information modeling) is needed for tasks such as land planning, large-scale flooding analysis, or demand/supply energy simulations. CityGML allows extension in order to integrate information from other domains, but the development process is expensive because there is no way to perform it automatically. The discovery of correspondences between CityGML concepts and other domains concepts poses a significant challenge.
Ontology matching is the research field emerged from the Semantic Web to address automatic ontology integration. Using the ontology underlying CityGML and the ontologies which model other domains of interest, ontology matching would be able to find the correspondences that would permit the integration in a more automatic manner than it is done now.
In this paper, we evaluate if ontology matching techniques allow performing an automatic integration of geospatial information modeled from different viewpoints. In order to achieve this, an evaluation methodology was designed, and it was applied to the discovery of relationships between CityGML and ontologies coming from the building information modeling and Geospatial Semantic Web domains. The methodology and the results of the evaluation are presented. The best results have been achieved using string-based techniques, while matching systems give the worst precision and recall. Only in a few cases the values are over 50%, which shows the limitations when these techniques are applied to ontologies with a partial overlap.
Acknowledgments
The research introduced in this paper has been partially supported by the ADISPA project of the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’ with reference BIA2009-14254-C02-01.
Notes
1. See a list of evaluated test cases at http://www.ontologymatching.org/evaluation.html
4. See http://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php/CityGML-ADEs for a complete list of the current extensions
14. Its developer was contacted, but the patched version was not available at the time of carrying out the experiments
15. They are all publicly available at http://lfa.mobivap.uva.es/~fradelg
16. The complete parameter set specification is provided at http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/mappso/index.php?title=Params.xml
