Spatially constrained clustering of ecological units to facilitate the design of integrated water monitoring networks in the St. Lawrence Basin

ABSTRACT

Water monitoring networks are generally classified into surface water, precipitation, groundwater or water quality monitoring networks. The design of these networks typically occurs in isolation from each other. We present a regionalization approach to identify homogeneous subregions of large basins that are suitable as areas for the optimization of an integrated water monitoring network. The study area, which comprises a portion of the St. Lawrence Basin, was spatially divided using ecological units. For each ecological unit, 21 attributes were derived including both environmental and hydrological indicators. A spatially constrained regionalization technique was applied to define the final regions. A scree plot was used to determine the number of regions. The sensitivity of the technique to the correlation in the attribute data was removed by utilizing principal component analysis to reduce correlation between attribute data. During regionalization, the component values were weighted by their proportion of the total variance explained. The four regions in the final configuration had areas from 19% to 31% of the total area, 63,597 km². For the St. Lawrence Basin, this approach is effective for defining homogeneous regions that can be used in further research on the optimization of integrated water monitoring networks. The approach is portable to other regions and can incorporate any set of attribute data that is valuable to the regionalization objective.

KEYWORDS:

• Ecological units
• regionalization
• water monitoring network
• principal component analysis
• spatial analysis

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments that greatly contributed to improving the article. We would also like to thank the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, the Groundwater Information Network, the Quebec Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques and Environment Canada for providing data.