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ARTICLES

Work–family reconciliation policies without equal opportunities? The case of Austria

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Pages 389-407 | Received 02 Apr 2008, Published online: 20 Oct 2009
 

Abstract

This paper explores the main public work–family policies in Austria (parental leave in connection with the Childcare Benefit, parents’ entitlement to part-time work, the extension of the childcare infrastructure) from the perspective of social justice using the normative concepts of gender equality, recognition, and choice. The main results show that for the most part, these policies offer affirmative recognition of maternal care and limited employment of mothers but offer little support for transformative recognition, particularly in terms of increasing the social status of working mothers and fathers as carers. Austrian work–family policies also do little to redistribute incomes and career opportunities from men to women and childcare from women to men; instead, they grant only limited freedom to choose between parental duties and employment, and the (financial) support they do offer is strongly concentrated on early childhood. All in all, the construction of the parental leave system (together with the Childcare Benefit), the entitlement to work part time, shortfalls in public childcare structures, and the lack of awareness of gendered (cultural and material) structures on the labour market and within families do not actively encourage gender equality. Some aspects of these policies even stabilise and deepen gendered structures on the labour market and in families.

Cet article étudie les mesures publiques les plus importantes pour promouvoir la conciliation entre activité professionnelle et famille en Autriche (congé parental en relation avec l'aide aux familles; droit des parents au travail à temps partiel, infrastructure de la prise en charge des enfants) du point de vue de la justice sociale. Le cadre de référence est un concept normatif basé sur l’égalité des chances des deux sexes, la reconnaissance des différents projets de vie et la liberté individuelle. Les résultats les plus importants montrent que les mesures mises en place, avant tout la prise en charge des (jeunes) enfants par les mères, ne permettent qu'une activité professionnelle limitée des mères. En même temps ces mesures ne contribuent guère à une amélioration du statut social des mères qui travaillent et des pères qui s'occupent des enfants. De même un changement de la répartition du revenu et des possibilités de carrière ainsi que la prise en charge des enfants entre hommes et femmes n'est de ce fait pas encouragé. En tout et pour tout, le modèle autrichien de concilier travail et famille n'encourage guère une amélioration de l’égalité des sexes, mais au contraire, en partie même, la contourne.

Notes

1. There will be more flexibility beginning in 2008: parents can choose to get the Childcare Benefit for a shorter period of time but at a higher flat rate.

2. Around half of Childcare Benefit recipients, more than 80,000 parents in July 2006 (Riesenfelder et al., Citation2006).

3. More than 90% of Austrian firms have fewer than 20 employees. Together, these firms employ 830,000 workers, or about 30% of the entire workforce (Angelo et al., Citation2006).

4. Studies show very different figures, mainly depending on the method used. We refer to the very conservative estimates in the report of Fuchs et al. (Citation2006).

5. To date no data is available on the consequences of these regulations during the past school year.

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