150
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Taking stock: parents' reasons for and against having a third child

, , , &
Pages 437-454 | Received 10 Jan 2008, Published online: 20 Oct 2009
 

Abstract

In developed countries with below-replacement fertility, the proportion of people who have at least three children make a substantial difference to the aggregate level of fertility. This study, based on 40 in-depth interviews with Australian parents of two children, analyses what factors influence the decision to have a third child. Using a grounded theory method of qualitative analysis, the study finds that parents who have decided to stop at two children are more able to articulate their reasons than are parents who are considering having a third child. The reasons for stopping include age and health; work and finances; and the capacity to parent another child. The weighing up of multiple factors is evidence of parents taking stock of personal and financial resources when making complex family formation decisions. The reasons for having a third child are expressed with far less elaboration and are more guarded and personal. We conclude that there is less shared or familiar language for articulating the value of family relationships. The contemporary context is one in which parents are attempting to manage risks related to having children, including the personal and financial implications of time out of the workforce. This study finds a persistent story of limited resources among parents of two children. Policies aimed at increasing fertility need to address this perception of limited resources through direct measures like affordable childcare and more generally through greater government and community support for families.

Dans les pays développés à fécondité en dessous du seuil de remplacement, c'est la proportion de personnes qui ont au moins trois enfants qui fait la différence sur le niveau global de la fécondité. Cette recherche, basée sur 40 entretiens biographiques de parents australiens de deux enfants, analyse quels sont les facteurs qui influencent leur décision d'avoir un troisième enfant. En utilisant une analyse qualitative de type «grounded theory», nous montrons que les parents ayant fait le choix de s'arrêter à deux enfants sont plus à même d'en exprimer les raisons que ceux qui envisagent avoir un troisième enfant. Les raisons invoquées lorsqu'il y a l'arrêt sont l’âge et la santé, le travail et les revenus; ainsi que la capacité à élever un nouvel enfant. La prise en compte de nombreux facteurs témoigne de la manière dont les parents mettent en balance ressources financières et personnelles lors des décisions concernant la formation de la famille. Les raisons pour avoir un troisième enfant sont exprimées avec beaucoup moins de clarté et sont plus réservées et intimes. On en conclut qu'il est moins courant ou habituel de parler de la valeur des relations familiales. Le contexte actuel est tel que les parents cherchent à intégrer les implications d'avoir des enfants, y compris les conséquences financières et personnelles d'un retrait du marché du travail. Cette étude montrent que les ressources limitées sont évoquées de manière répétée par les parents de deux enfants. Les politiques visant à augmenter la fécondité doivent donc tenir compte de cette perception de ressources limitées, en prenant des mesures directes comme des modes de garde abordables et de manière générale avec un soutien au familles, de la part du gouvernement et de la communauté, plus important.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Australian Research Council (DP0558818). Ethics approval was obtained from the Australian National University (Protocol No. 2005/54). We would like to thank two anonymous referees for very helpful and constructive comments on an earlier version of this paper. And a heartfelt thanks to our interviewees. We appreciate you sharing your stories and time with us.

Notes

1. The Liberal–National Party Coalition lost power in November 2007. However, there is no evidence that there has been any major change in the approach of the new government (the Australian Labor Party) with regard to population policy.

2. All participant names used in this research are pseudonyms.

3. For a more detailed discussion on the interpretations of this method see, for example, Charmaz (Citation2000) and LaRossa (Citation2005).

4. Maternity Payment is paid to families following the birth (including stillborn babies) or adoption of a baby. It recognises the extra costs incurred at the time of a new birth or adoption of a baby and is not income tested (Family Assistance Office, Citation2004). At 1 July 2006 the value of the Maternity Payment was AU$4100.

5. The use of IVF for solely sex-selective purposes is currently illegal in Australia.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.