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ARTICLES

The impact of work-family policies on women's employment: a review of research from OECD countries

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Pages 119-138 | Received 20 Jun 2010, Accepted 11 Nov 2010, Published online: 20 May 2011
 

Abstract

All industrialized countries, as well as many developing and transition countries, have policies in place to support work-family reconciliation such as care-related leaves, policies that increase the quality or availability of flexible and alternative work arrangements, and childcare supports. While work-family policies share common elements across borders, the extent and nature of supports vary widely across countries. This cross-national diversity in policies has supported a substantial body of research on the effect of different policy designs on women's labor market outcomes and, increasingly, on men's take-up of work-family provisions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of this research and to draw out implications in terms of policy designs that seem to maximize women's labor force participation, narrow the gender gap in earnings, and increase men's participation in caregiving at home. The paper reviews the research literature on leave policies, flexible and/or alternative work arrangements and childcare supports, and highlights the implications of policy designs for male take-up. The paper then discusses the growing literature on adverse and unintended consequences of work-family policies for gender equality and concludes by highlighting gaps in current knowledge.

Todos los países industrializados, como muchos países en vías de desarrollo y en transición, tienen políticas públicas que apoyan la reconciliación entre trabajo y familia, por ejemplo permiso parental, políticas que mejoran la calidad o disponibilidad de acuerdos laborales alternativos y flexibles, y servicios de cuidado de los niños. Aunque las políticas públicas de trabajo y familia comparten elementos comunes a través de las fronteras, la duración y carácter de los apoyos varían mucho entre países. Esta variedad de políticas públicas entre diferentes países ha generado un cuerpo solido de investigación sobre los efectos que tienen diferentes tipos de políticas en la participación laboral de las mujeres, y cada vez más sobre el efecto que tienen en la participación laboral de los hombres que las utilizan. El propósito de este estudio es proporcionar una perspectiva general de la literatura existente y sacar conclusiones con respecto a diseños de políticas que parecen maximizar la participación laboral de las mujeres, reducen la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres, y aumentan la participación de los hombres en el cuidado de los niños y tareas del hogar. El artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre políticas públicas de permiso parental o de cuidado, acuerdos laborales de horario flexible y/o medidas alternativas de trabajo y cuidado de niños y aclara las implicaciones de los diseños de política para provisiones de los hombres. El estudio también discute la creciente literatura sobre las consecuencias negativas y no deseadas de las políticas familiares diseñadas para la igualdad de género, y concluye identificando lagunas en el conocimiento actual.

Acknowledgements

This paper is based on a review of the literature on the impact of work-family policies on women's labor market outcomes and the costs and benefits of doing business, prepared for the World Bank. We thank Elena Bardasi for her helpful advice and feedback during the preparation of that review. We would also like to thank Natascia Boeri, Robin Farabee-Siers, Hannah Liepmann, and Annamaria Sundbye for research assistance in preparing this review.

Notes

1. See James (Citation2010) for a recent international comparison of the impact of pension and social insurance designs on women's labor force participation; an overview of statutory regulations of voluntary part-time work as part of gradual retirement in OECD countries is available in Hegewisch and Gornick (2008).

2. Moreover, only about 60% of employees are entitled to such leave because of tenure and employer size restrictions (Gornick & Meyers, 2003; Kelly, Citation2005).

3. Some precedents for assessing the link between work experience and compensation exists in European law; see Heron (Citation2005).

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