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ARTICLES

Exploring parent–child communication in the context of threat: immigrant families facing detention and deportation in post-9/11 USA

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Pages 123-146 | Received 07 Nov 2011, Accepted 12 Oct 2012, Published online: 06 Feb 2013
 

Abstract

This paper explores whether and how documented and undocumented migrant parents communicate with their children about the threats posed by the intensified enforcement of 1996 and 2001 US immigration reforms; whether parents facing potential detention and deportation plan for the care of their children; and whether their children learn from other sources about detention and deportation. The focus of this paper emerged in the context of a multiyear participatory and action research (PAR) process as one effort to understand the multiple meanings and divergent perspectives on parental–child communication that arose among and between participants and coresearchers. The aim is to better understand, in parents' own voices, their embrace of and resistance to direct communication with their children about the threat of deportation. Data are triangulated from in-depth interviews with 18 Central American immigrant coresearchers (Study 1), responses of 132 Latino/a immigrant parents to a survey with open-ended questions (Study 2), and conversations in a series of community meetings and workshops. Findings confirm the importance for advocates, service providers, and researchers to understand migrant parents' decisions about communication within the context of family and community values; gender expectations; lived and psychological experiences of being criminalized; and strategies to manage daily challenges of living without documents while parenting US-citizen children.

Este artículo explora cómo—si es que lo hacen—padres de familia migrantes, documentados e indocumentados, comunican a sus hijos las amenazas presentes en la aplicación intensificada de las reformas migratorias de 1996 y 2001 en EEUU; si los padres que enfrentan posible detención y deportación han previsto medidas para el cuidado de sus hijos/as en ese caso, y cuáles son algunas fuentes de aprendizaje para los niños sobre la detención y deportación. El enfoque de este trabajo surgió de un proceso de investigación acción participativa, como un esfuerzo de muchos años por entender mejor los significados múltiples y perspectivas divergentes de la comunicación entre padres e hijos que emergieron en el intercambio entre los participantes y los co-investigadores. El objetivo consiste en entender mejor, a través de las voces de los padres de familia, su aceptación o resistencia a la comunicación directa con sus hijos acerca de la amenaza de deportación. Se han triangulado datos provenientes de entrevistas con 18 co-investigadores migrantes centroamericanos (Estudio 1), respuestas a encuestas de preguntas abiertas realizadas con 132 padres de familia migrantes Latinos (Estudio 2) y conversaciones en una serie de talleres y reuniones comunitarias. Los resultados confirman la importancia de que defensores, proveedores de servicios e investigadores comprendan las decisiones que los padres de familia migrantes toman en materia de comunicación con sus hijos en el contexto de valores familiares y comunitarios, de expectativas de género, de las experiencias vividas y psicológicas de ser criminalizado, así como de las estrategias adoptadas para manejar los desafíos cotidianos de vivir indocumentados mientras crían a sus hijos que son ciudadanos estadounidenses.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the important contributions of migrants in the USA and Guatemala as well as financial support from the dean of the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development at Rhode Island College and from an anonymous contribution to the Center for Human Rights and International Justice at Boston College. Finally, thanks to the many students, faculty, and staff affiliated with the MHRP. Their collaborations in this multiyear participatory and action research process have contributed importantly to this work.

Notes

1.The MHRP is the current name for an interdisciplinary initiative formerly known as the Post-Deportation Human Rights Project and, before that, as the Ruby Slippers Project. Name changes reflect the growth of this community–university local and transnational partnership and the range of issues facing unauthorized migrants here in the USA and upon deportation to countries of origin. See http://www.bc.edu/content/bc/centers/humanrights/projects.html for details about the project.

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