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Articles

Individualized, non-transferable parental leave for European fathers: migrant perspectives

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Pages 19-34 | Received 29 Feb 2016, Accepted 05 Dec 2016, Published online: 22 Dec 2016
 

ABSTRACT

Parental leave, with a special quota for fathers as its hallmark, is a welfare-state contribution in Norway aimed at mobilizing fathers as carers. Research has documented that individualized, non-transferable parental leave is effective for promoting more gender equal fathering practices in caring and employment. Studies have not, however, explored the processes of constructing these outcomes. We have investigated this issue by means of interviews with middle-class immigrant fathers from various European countries to Norway. The ‘outsider-within’ perspective represented by immigrants’ experiences is a novel intake to understanding the leave system. Results show that the fathers’ quota, being a statutory right and generously compensated for, is understood as accepted by employers and universally used by fathers. The principle of earmarking and non-transferability is experienced as a great possibility to care for their children and perceived as important since both male and female employees are constructed as potential parents who will take parental leave. It is in comparison with the care regimes of their homelands that this insight becomes perceptible. These results can be seen as supporting the tendency to convergence, not in the actual care policies, but in the attitudes towards parental leave held by the fathers from these countries.

RÉSUMÉ

Le congé parental, avec un quota spécial pour les pères comme marque de fabrique, est une contribution de l’état providence norvègien visant à mobiliser les pères dans leur rôle(s) envers leurs enfants. La recherche a démontré que le congé parental individualisé et non-transférable est efficace pour la promotion de pratiques de paternité plus égalitaires entre hommes et femmes en terme de garde d’enfants et de d’emploi. Cependant, les études n’ont pas exploré le processus de construction de ces résultats. Nous avons étudié cette question au moyen d'entretiens avec la classe moyenne de pères immigrants venus de différents pays européens en Norvège. La perspective nommé «outsider-within» représentée par les expériences des immigrants est une manière innovante pour comprendre le système de congé parental. Les résultats montrent que le quota paternel, étant un droit statutaire et généreusement compensé, est compris comme accepté par les employeurs et universellement utilisé par les pères. Le principe du congé paternel et sa non-transferabilité sont vécus comme une grande possibilité de prendre soin de leurs enfants et sont perçus comme important puisque employés masculins et féminins sont potentiellement vus comme parents qui un jour prendront un congé parental. C’est en comparant avec le régime familial de leurs patries d’origine que la valeur du system norvegien devient perceptible pour ces migrants. Ces résultats peuvent être considérés comme soutenant la tendance de convergence, pas dans les politiques familiales et de congés parentaux, mais dans les attitudes à l'égard du congé paternel détenu par les pères de ces pays.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributors

Elin Kvande is a professor of sociology at the Department of Sociology and Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. Her research focuses on gender, work and family reconciliation and welfare state policies. One central area of study has been fathers' use of parental leave; another is internationalisation and the Nordic model of work and the welfare state.

Berit Brandth is a professor of sociology at the Department of Sociology and Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. Her research focuses on gender, care policies, work/family reconciliation and rural sociology. One central area of study has been fathers' use of parental leave; another is family, work and gender in a changing rural context.

Additional information

Funding

This research has been funded by the Research Council of Norway [grant number 219116/F10].

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