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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 8, 2006 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Manufacturing heterosexuality: Hormone replacement therapy and menopause in urban Oaxaca

Pages 545-558 | Published online: 19 Feb 2007
 

Abstract

For several decades, hormone replacement therapies have been prescribed to women, not only to prevent disease but to improve the sexual functioning of menopausal women. The medical promotion of continued sexual activity in a woman's post‐reproductive years is exported to locations outside of North America and Europe, which provides an opportunity to critically examine the cultural roots that have informed expert biomedical representations. This ethnographic study examined menopause and social class in Oaxaca de Juarez, Mexico using interviews, questionnaires, and textual analysis. The research found that biomedicine in conjunction with the pharmaceutical industry promoted culturally constructed gender hierarchies under the guise of optimal menopausal health. However, women's actual experience of gender and sexuality in mid‐life diverged significantly from these expert representations. Themes that emerged in interviews and questionnaires included the importance of motherhood in old age, diminished sexual desire as not problematic, and greater sexual freedom at a post‐reproductive age. Ultimately, biomedical discourse was not the sole arbiter of appropriate menopausal womanhood and femininity.

Résumé

Depuis plusieurs décennies, le traitement hormonal substitutif est prescrit non seulement pour prévenir des maladies mais aussi pour améliorer le fonctionnement sexuel de la femme ménopausée. La promotion médicale de la poursuite des activités sexuelles chez la femme après ses années de reproduction a été exportée au‐delà des frontières de l'Amérique du Nord et de l'Europe, ce qui nous offre l'occasion d'examiner de façon critique les racines culturelles sous‐jacentes aux affirmations biomédicales des experts. [Agrave] l'aide d'entretiens, de questionnaires et d'analyses de texte, cette recherche ethnographique étudie la ménopause dans les différentes classes sociales de la ville d'Oaxaca de Juarez au Mexique. Il s'avère que la biomédecine, alliée à l'industrie pharmaceutique, sous prétexte d'une santé ménopausique optimale, encourage des hiérarchies de genre construites sur des bases culturelles. Cependant, chez la femme aux alentours de la cinquantaine, le vécu réel des questions de genre et de sexualité s'écarte de manière significative de ces représentations d'expert. Parmi les thèmes qui ressortent de ces entretiens et questionnaires, on trouve l'importance du rôle maternel et de la maternité lors de la vieillesse, la baisse du désir sexuel vécu comme ne posant aucun problème et une plus grande liberté sexuelle après l'époque de la reproduction. En fin de compte, le discours biomédical n'est pas le seul arbitre de ce que doivent être la féminité et le rôle de la femme après la ménopause.

Resumen

Durante décadas, se han recetado terapias de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) a mujeres no sólo para prevenir enfermedades sino también para mejorar el funcionamiento sexual en mujeres menopáusicas. El respaldo mediante medicamentos para poder continuar la actividad sexual en mujeres durante sus años posreproductivos se está exportando a lugares fuera de América del Norte y Europa lo que da ocasión para examinar de modo crítico las raíces culturales que han influenciado a los expertos en sus representaciones biomédicas. Con ayuda de entrevistas, cuestionarios y análisis textuales, en este estudio etnográfico examinamos la menopausia y la clase social en Oaxaca de Juárez, México. En esta investigación descubrimos que la biomedicina junto con la industria farmacéutica fomenta culturalmente las jerarquías construidas de los sexos bajo el pretexto de una mejor salud para mujeres menopáusicas. Sin embargo, la experiencia real de las mujeres en cuanto al género y la sexualidad en la edad madura discrepa mucho de las representaciones de los expertos. Entre los temas que surgieron en las entrevistas y los cuestionarios destacan la importancia de la maternidad en la edad madura, que la disminución del deseo sexual no se considera un problema y que las mujeres disfrutan de una mayor libertad sexual en la edad postreproductiva. Por último, el discurso biomédico no fue el único factor arbitral de la condición de mujer y la feminidad en mujeres menopáusicas.

Acknowledgements

This research would not have been possible without the generosity and support of various granting agencies. I am extremely grateful to the following departments at the University of Iowa that provided funding during the initial phases of preliminary dissertation research—UISG, The Stanley Fellowship, The Graduate College and the Department of Anthropology. External funding was provided by The Leslie A. White Award and a training grant from the Research Institute for the Study of Man to conduct the pilot study in Merida, Yucatan. Dissertation research in Oaxaca was funded by the University of Iowa's T. Anne Cleary International Dissertation Research Award and the National Science Foundation (grant #: BCS‐9910483). Dissertation writing support was provided by The National Institute of Health/National Institute on Aging (grant #: R03 AG17655‐01A1) and the Graduate College at the University of Iowa. I would also like to thank Jennifer Coury, Dr. Michael Higgins, Dr. Kate Dernbach, and Christopher Wendell for their comments on preliminary versions of this manuscript.

Notes

1. The Institute of Mexican Social Security (IMSS) takes care of salaried employees in the private sector while salaried employees in the government are covered under the Institute for Social Security for State Workers (ISSSTE). These organizations serve workers in the formal sector of the economy.

2. Respondents have been allocated false names to preserve anonymity.

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