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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 10, 2008 - Issue 5
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Original Articles

‘Boys will be boys’: traditional Xhosa male circumcision, HIV and sexual socialisation in contemporary South Africa

Pages 431-446 | Published online: 17 Jun 2008
 

Abstract

Ritual male circumcision is among the most secretive and sacred of rites practiced by the Xhosa of South Africa. Recently, the alarming rate of death and injury among initiates has led to the spotlight of media attention and government regulation being focused on traditional circumcision. While many of the physical components of the ritual have been little altered by the centuries, its cultural and social meanings have not remained unchanged. This paper attempts to understand how some of these cultural and social meanings have shifted, particularly with respect to attitudes towards sex and the role that circumcision schools traditionally played in the sexual socialisation of Xhosa youth. Ritual circumcision is often defended on the basis of its usefulness as a mechanism for the maintenance of social order, particularly in relation to the perceived crisis in youth sexuality marked by extremely high levels of gender‐based violence as well as HIV infection. However, the paper suggests two key ways in which traditional Xhosa circumcision has changed. These include the erosion of the role which circumcision schools once played in the sexual socialisation of young men and the emergence of the idea that initiation gives men the unlimited and unquestionable right to access to sex rather than marking the point at which sexual responsibility and restraint is introduced into the lifestyle of young men.

Résumé

Le rite de la circoncision compte parmi les plus secrets et les plus sacrés chez les Xhosa en Afrique du Sud. Récemment, le taux alarmant de décès et de blessures chez les initiés a eu pour effet d'attirer l'attention des médias et des législateurs sur la circoncision traditionnelle. Alors que beaucoup des aspects visibles du rituel ont subi peu de modifications au cours des siècles, ses significations culturelles et sociales ne sont pas restées inchangées. Cet article examine comment certaines de ces significations culturelles et sociales ont changé, notamment par rapport aux attitudes vis‐à‐vis de la sexualité et au rôle traditionnel des écoles de circoncision dans la socialisation sexuelle des jeunes xhosa. La circoncision rituelle est souvent défendue pour son utilité en tant que mécanisme de maintien de l'ordre social, en particulier par rapport à la crise perçue de la sexualité des jeunes ‐ marquée par des taux extrêmement élevés de violences basées sur le genre et d'infection à VIH. Cependant l'article propose deux explications majeures aux modifications subies par la circoncision traditionnelle xhosa, englobant l'usure du rôle joué autrefois par les écoles de circoncision dans la socialisation sexuelle des jeunes hommes ; et l'émergence de la notion d'une initiation donnant aux jeunes hommes un droit d'accès illimité et indiscutable aux rapports sexuels, plutôt que celle d'une initiation marquant le moment à partir duquel la responsabilité et la sobriété sexuelles sont introduites dans leur mode de vie.

Resumen

El ritual de la circuncisión masculina es una de las costumbres más ocultas y sagradas que practica el pueblo Xhosa en Sudáfrica. La reciente tasa alarmante de muertes y lesiones entre los iniciados ha situado esta práctica en un primer plano en los medios de comunicación y ha hecho que el gobierno intente regular legalmente la circuncisión tradicional. Aunque muchos de los componentes físicos de este ritual han sufrido pocas alteraciones durante siglos, sus significados culturales y sociales no siguen siendo los mismos. En este artículo intentamos entender cómo han cambiado algunos de estos significados culturales y sociales, especialmente con respecto a la actitud hacia el sexo y el rol que tradicionalmente desempeñaban las escuelas de circuncisión en la socialización sexual de los jóvenes Xhosa. Los que defienden el ritual de la circuncisión suelen argumentar su utilidad como mecanismo para el mantenimiento del orden social, en especial con relación a la crisis de sexualidad que se percibe entre los jóvenes y que se traduce en niveles muy altos de violencia de género y de infección del VIH. Sin embargo, en este artículo explicamos que la circuncisión tradicional del pueblo Xhosa ha cambiado en dos aspectos fundamentales: el desgaste del papel que desempeñaban antes las escuelas de circuncisión en la socialización sexual de los jóvenes varones y la nueva creencia de que la iniciación da a los hombres un derecho ilimitado e incuestionable de acceso al sexo en vez de recalcar el momento en el que la responsabilidad y las limitaciones sexuales empiezan a tener importancia en el estilo de vida de los chicos.

Notes

2. Tenge's Citation2006 study of teenage Xhosa boys' experiences of the period before circumcision was conducted in the East London district of the Eastern Cape Province in 2005. The research took the form of in‐depth phenomenological focus group interviews with groups of Xhosa‐speaking boys who were about to undergo initiation or who had recently undergone the rite and transcripts of the interviews were made available with the thesis. Tenge's findings were here corroborated by interviews with traditional leaders in the Eastern Cape along with traditional nurses and Department of Health officials, a published first‐hand account by an initiate from the Eastern Cape and anthropological accounts.

3. In Xhosa cosmology, one becomes human through life processes rather than being born fully human. This is a title to which the right is earned rather than implied. Whether or not one will indeed become human in any given life is regarded as uncertain and must be achieved through processes that are communally recognized and sanctioned. Male circumcision is but one of these.

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