Publication Cover
Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 12, 2010 - Issue sup1: Sexuality and Health in Vietnam—New Directions
2,162
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The State, the family and language of ‘social evils’: re-stigmatising victims of trafficking in Vietnam

Pages S89-S102 | Received 29 Apr 2009, Accepted 23 Sep 2009, Published online: 10 Nov 2009
 

Abstract

The Vietnamese Government continues to take steps to address trafficking in women and girls. However, rather than perceiving trafficking as a violation of human rights, greater attention is given by the government to its effects on society and social morals, particularly where victims have engaged in sex work in destination countries. Trafficked returnees are directly implicated in the State's approach to defining sex work as a ‘social evil’. This approach reproduces the socio-economic inequality involved in trafficking and further marginalises trafficked women. Simultaneously, although Vietnamese women are often drawn into trafficking due to family obligations, they frequently face dishonour upon their return or are forced to hide the truth of their experience of being trafficked. This paper argues that the language of ‘social evils’ and the responses of the State and family undermine the ability of trafficked returnees to reintegrate. This is heightened where returnees are deemed to be transmitters of HIV infection, hence suffering human trafficking, sex-work and HIV/AIDS-related stigma. I also reflect upon whether the approach of service providers exacerbates stigma, particularly in the context of shelter rehabilitation and present several recommendations for reform, the most pressing being the need to eliminate the language of ‘social evils’.

Le gouvernement vietnamien continue de prendre des mesures pour faire face au trafic de femmes et de filles. Cependant, plutôt que de percevoir le trafic des êtres humains comme une violation des droits de la personne, le gouvernement accorde une plus grande attention à ses effets sur la société et sur les morales sociales, en particulier quand les victimes ont exercé le commerce du sexe dans les pays où elles ont été envoyées. Les femmes qui reviennent au Vietnam après avoir subi ce trafic sont directement touchées par la manière dont l'état considère le commerce du sexe comme un mal social. Cet approche reproduit les inégalités socio-économiques intrinsèques au trafic des êtres humains et accroît la marginalisation des femmes ayant subi ce dernier. Simultanément, bien que les femmes vietnamiennes soient souvent entraînées vers ce trafic en raison d'obligations familiales, elles sont fréquemment considérées comme déshonorées à leur retour, ou forcées de cacher la vérité sur leur expérience du trafic dont elles ont souffert. Cet article soutient que le langage soulignant les « maux sociaux » et les ripostes de l'État et de la famille, minent la capacité de ces femmes qui ont subi le trafic d'êtres humains et qui reviennent au Vietnam à se réintégrer dans la société. Ce phénomène prend une importance considérable quand ces femmes sont jugées comme celles qui transmettent le VIH, de sorte qu'elles souffrent non seulement du trafic des êtres humains, du commerce du sexe, mais aussi de la stigmatisation liée au VIH/Sida.

El Gobierno vietnamita continúa tomando medidas para solucionar el tráfico de mujeres y niñas. Sin embargo, más que percibir el tráfico como una violación de los derechos humanos, el gobierno presta más atención a sus efectos en la sociedad y la moral social, especialmente en los casos en que las víctimas se han visto implicadas en trabajos sexuales en otros países. Las personas repatriadas después del tráfico sexual se mencionan de forma directa en el planteamiento estatal que define el trabajo sexual como un mal social. Este planteamiento reproduce las desigualdades socioeconómicas que implica el tráfico y margina aún más a las mujeres que han sido traficadas. Al mismo tiempo, aunque las mujeres vietnamitas son muchas veces arrastradas al tráfico de seres humanos debido a las obligaciones familiares, cuando vuelven muchas veces se enfrentan al deshonor o son forzadas a ocultar sus experiencias como víctimas de tráfico sexual. En este artículo argumento que el lenguaje de “males sociales” y las respuestas del Estado y la familia socavan la capacidad de las deportadas por tráfico de poder reintegrarse en la sociedad. Esto se acentúa al dar por sentado que las repatriadas pueden ser transmisoras de la infección del VIH y, por tanto, acaban siendo víctimas no sólo del estigma relacionado con el tráfico de humanos, sino también con los estigmas asociados al trabajo sexual y el VIH/sida.

Acknowledgements

An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the VIIth International Association for the Study of Sexuality, Culture and Society (IASSCS) Conference, 15–18 April 2009, where it received an Honorary Mention. I gratefully acknowledge the comments provided by participants at the 2009 IASSCS Conference in Hanoi and the support of the International Organisation for Migration in Vietnam. Thanks also to my supervisor, Helen Pringle, José-Miguel Bello y Villarino and four anonymous reviewers of Culture, Health & Sexuality for their valuable comments on earlier drafts. I bear sole responsibility for the opinions expressed in this paper.

Notes

1. These five shelters, run by local and international NGOs, specifically support trafficked returnees. Other shelters exist, for example, the Little Rose Warm Shelter in Ho Chi Minh City, which provides support for girls who are at high risk or victims of sexual abuse and trafficking and the Green Bamboo Warm Shelter, also in Ho Chi Minh City, which helps street children reintegrate into families and communities.

2. The responses received from shelter staff have not been edited.

3. At the time of writing, the Reintegration Network members included AFESIP, the Center for Women and Development (CWD), IOM, Medical Committee Netherlands Vietnam (MCNV), Nordic Assistance Vietnam (NAV), Oxfam Quebec, Save the Children UK, SHARE, the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (UNIAP) and World Vision Vietnam (WVV). The Network was meeting on a monthly basis in Hanoi.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.