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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 14, 2012 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Not at all so hard-to-reach: same-sex attracted men in Dar es Salaam

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Pages 195-208 | Received 04 Apr 2011, Accepted 13 Oct 2011, Published online: 17 Nov 2011
 

Abstract

Based on research in Tanzania, this paper critically examines the widely circulating notion that African same-sex attracted men are hard-to-reach individuals and populations. Despite expectations to the contrary, it was neither time consuming nor difficult to identify and get to know same-sex attracted men in Dar es Salaam. On the contrary, a large and diverse group of such men could readily be encountered, befriended and involved in HIV-related research. The fieldwork was characterised by communicative openness and the researcher was treated with immense kindliness, hospitality and inclusivity. While we may not be in a position to say that the situation is identical everywhere else, we find reason to caution against accepting and propagating unexplained, unexamined and unverified claims to the effect that same-sex attracted men in Africa cannot be reached. We argue that such claims contribute to stigmatise same-sex attracted men and to hinder much-needed HIV-related research and programming.

Basé sur une recherche conduite en Tanzanie, cet article porte un regard critique sur la théorie couramment répandue selon laquelle les hommes africains attirés par d'autres hommes sont des individus et des populations avec lesquels il est difficile d'établir le contact. À l'inverse de ce à quoi l'on pourrait s'attendre, identifier des hommes attirés par d'autres hommes à Dar es Salaam et faire leur connaissance n'a été ni chronophage ni difficile. Au contraire, c'est sans difficultés qu'il a été possible de rencontrer de nombreux et divers hommes de ce type, d'établir des liens d'amitié avec eux et de les impliquer dans la recherche sur le VIH. Le travail de terrain a été caractérisé par une communication ouverte, et le chercheur a fait l'objet d'une bienveillance, d'une hospitalité et d'une intégration incroyables. Alors qu'il se pourrait que nous ne soyons pas en mesure de déclarer que la situation est la même partout ailleurs, nous avons des raisons de penser qu'il faut être prudent quant à l'acceptation et la propagation d'affirmations non expliquées, non analysées et non vérifiées, suivant lesquelles il est impossible d'établir des contacts avec des hommes attirés par d'autres hommes en Afrique. Nous soutenons que de telles affirmations contribuent à la stigmatisation des hommes attirés par d'autres hommes, et retardent la mise en place de recherches et de programmes sur le VIH fortement nécessaires.

Basándonos en los estudios llevados a cabo en Tanzania, en este artículo examinamos desde un punto de vista crítico la noción ampliamente generalizada de que los hombres africanos que se sienten atraídos sexualmente por otros hombres son personas y grupos de la población a las que es difícil acceder. En contra de todos los pronósticos, no nos llevó mucho tiempo ni fue difícil identificar y llegar a conocer a hombres que sienten atracción por otros hombres en Dar es Salaam. Más bien todo lo contrario; fue posible conocer rápidamente a un grupo numeroso y variado de estos hombres, ganarse su amistad y hacerles participar en estudios relacionados con el VIH. El trabajo de campo se caracterizó por una transparencia comunicativa, y el investigador fue tratado con suma amabilidad, hospitalidad y capacidad de inclusión. Aunque no podemos averiguar si la situación es idéntica en todas partes, tenemos motivos para advertir contra la aceptación y difusión de afirmaciones inexplicadas, no examinadas ni verificadas en lo que respecta a la posible accesibilidad a los hombres que sienten atracción por otros hombres en África. Sostenemos que tales afirmaciones contribuyen a estigmatizar a estos hombres que sienten atracción por otros hombres y entorpecer los estudios y programas tan necesarios relacionados con el VIH.

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the Research Council of Norway (Programme for Global Health and Vaccination Research). We wish to thank everyone in Dar es Salaam who participated in and contributed to this study in a range of invaluable ways and who treated the researcher with so much inclusiveness, understanding and care.

Notes

 1. This research activity was carried out by a group of same-sex attracted men.

 2. A local term taken to mean a man who may have sex with women as well as both insertive and receptive intercourse with men.

 3. A person who is receptive in anal intercourse (plural: wasenge).

 4. A term used about same-sex practising men expected to take receptive roles in anal sex and often understood to have a certain degree of womanly qualities. The term is derived from the world of female friendships in which it denotes a woman's close female friend (plural: mashoga.)

 5. Term used to denote women who sell cooked food, normally in open spaces.

 6. Slang-term used to refer to penetrable same-sex practicing men.

 7. Sing: gei (or ‘gay’); often used interchangeably with the term shoga.

 8. The course, jointly developed by the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences and the University of Oslo, has so far been offered in 2009 and 2010 (with financial support from Norad and Sida).

 9. A term used in some areas of the world to designate gay men and women who explicitly and openly refer to themselves as persons with a same-sex sexual ‘identity’.

10. Among the men invited to take part in this particular study, only two opted not to (both, however, wished to remain in personal contact with the researcher).

11. There exists a long-standing discourse to the effect that they do not. Although the literature effectively dispels any suggestion that Africans lack certain aspects of the human repertoire of sexuality, could this impression still, consciously or subconsciously, influence public health actors?

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