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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 15, 2013 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Love and desire amongst middle-class Gujarati Indians in the UK and India

Pages 327-340 | Received 02 Jul 2012, Accepted 28 Nov 2012, Published online: 23 Jan 2013
 

Abstract

The paper describes findings from an ethnographic study exploring understandings of love and intimacy amongst young heterosexual middle-class Indians of Gujarati origin in the UK and India. A two-site comparative study was used to enable an understanding of how social and economic contexts shape cultural constructions of intimate relationships and sexuality. Focusing on attitudes to ‘love at first sight’, this paper shows that, for Indian participants, love based on physical attraction denotes a lesser kind of love. A relationship based on ‘physical love’ is not expected to last, since it has been formed without regard to family and status concerns. Even couples who meet outside of the arranged marriage system demonstrate the quality of their love by not having sex with one another before marriage. In the UK, however, participants view love as properly spontaneous. Love at first sight is considered desirable and demonstrates how the relationship must be based on love only, without any concern for (for example) material gain. This spontaneous love entails both physical attraction and emotional connection – an early transition to sex, usually before marriage, was seen as both desirable and inevitable.

Cet article décrit une étude ethnographique qui a exploré les compréhensions de l'amour et de l'intimité parmi des jeunes indiens, hétérosexuels, issus des classes moyennes et d'origine gujarati, vivant au Royaume-Uni et en Inde. Une étude comparative conduite sur deux sites a été utilisée pour permettre de comprendre comment les contextes socio-économiques déterminent les constructions culturelles des relations intimes et de la sexualité. En se concentrant sur les attitudes vis-à-vis de « l'amour à première vue », cet article montre que pour les participants vivant en Inde, l'amour basé sur l'attirance physique est moins important que les autres formes d'amour. De même, une relation basée sur « l'amour physique » n'est pas considérée par eux comme durable, puisque le couple s'est formé sans tenir compte des préoccupations des familles et de celles qui se rapportent au statut social. Quant aux couples qui se forment en dehors du système du mariage arrangé, ils démontrent la qualité de leur amour en n'ayant pas de rapports sexuels pré-maritaux. Au Royaume-Uni cependant, les participants perçoivent l'amour spontané comme quelque chose de correct. « L'amour à première vue » est considéré comme souhaitable et démontre que la relation ne doit être basée que sur l'amour, sans aucune préoccupation (par exemple) d'ordre matériel. Cet amour spontané implique aussi bien une attirance physique qu'une connexion émotionnelle; une transition précoce vers le sexe, habituellement avant le mariage, est perçue à la fois comme souhaitable et inévitable.

En este artículo se describe un estudio etnográfico en el que se analiza cómo interpretan el amor y la intimidad los jóvenes heterosexuales indios de clase media procedentes de Gujarati en el Reino Unido y la India. Se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo en dos países con el objetivo de entender el modo en que los contextos sociales y económicos dan forma a las construcciones culturales de relaciones íntimas y sexualidad. Dando prioridad a las actitudes sobre el “amor a primera vista”, en este artículo se muestra que para los participantes indios el amor basado en la atracción física es un tipo de amor de menor categoría. No esperan que una relación basada en el “amor físico” sea muy duradera, puesto que se ha creado sin tener en cuenta la familia y los factores sociales. Incluso las parejas que se conocen fuera del sistema de matrimonios concertados demuestran la calidad de su amor al no tener relaciones sexuales juntos antes del matrimonio. Sin embargo, en el Reino Unido los participantes consideran que el amor es un acto muy espontáneo. Creen que el “amor a primera vista” es deseable y demuestra que una relación se basa solamente en el amor, sin tener en cuenta por ejemplo los bienes materiales. En este amor espontáneo participan tanto la atracción física como la conexión emocional, y consideran que tener relaciones sexuales tempranas, en general antes del matrimonio, es algo deseable e inevitable.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Ann Oakley for her insightful comments on drafts of this article, and to Karina Kielmann and Anthony Pryce for guidance during the research process. Thank you to the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. A very special thank you to those who participated in the research, particularly all those who gave time for interviews and discussions. The time to write this article was funded by a UK Economic and Social Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship.

Notes

1. For an in-depth discussion on the concept of intimacy and their international relevance see the special edition of Sociological Research Online (2011, 16[4]).

2. Previous to this, the predominant theory was that emotions were a biological given, universal across all cultures. See, for example, C. Darwin,Citation1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Murray, and also E. Hatfield, J. Cacioppo and R. Rapson. Citation1994. Emotional contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

3. By the definitions of most participants, this meant sexual intercourse, but one participant had never had sexual intercourse with her partner but did not define this as a ‘sexless’ relationship.

4. Pseudonym excluded to protect identity.

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