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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 15, 2013 - Issue 7
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Article

Towards a clean slit: how medicine and notions of normality are shaping female genital aesthetics

Pages 774-787 | Received 03 Sep 2012, Accepted 24 Feb 2013, Published online: 08 May 2013
 

Abstract

In the West, a specific ideal has emerged for female genitalia. The ideal is one of absence, a clean slit that can be attained through the removal of pubic hair and, increasingly, through female genital cosmetic surgery. This ideal is largely created in the media, which generates contradictory messages for women. The popular press, backed by medical opinion, explicitly acknowledges that a wide range of variation is normal – female genitals vary in appearance ‘about as much as snowflakes’ – but by showing only altered minimalist clean slits, it carries an implicit message that women should be worried if their genitals do not match up to this exacting ideal. Consequently, some women feel their genitals are not satisfactory and choose surgery. Using biomedicine to fix normal body parts in order to fashion desirable femininity, releases medicine from its rigid scientific underpinnings exposing it as an increasingly cultural and commercial pursuit.

En occidente, ha surgido un ideal específico de cómo deben ser los genitales femeninos. El ideal es una ausencia, una “hendidura limpia” que se puede obtener al eliminar el vello púbico y, cada vez más, mediante la cirugía cosmética genital femenina. Los medios de comunicación son en gran medida los responsables de crear este ideal generando mensajes contradictorios para las mujeres. La prensa popular, respaldada por la opinión médica, reconoce explícitamente que es totalmente normal que ocurran variaciones – los genitales femeninos varían en su aspecto tanto como los copos de nieve – pero al mostrar solamente hendiduras limpias, alteradas y minimalistas, se está dando un mensaje implícito de que las mujeres deberían preocuparse por si sus genitales son diferentes a este ideal exigente. En consecuencia, muchas mujeres creen que sus genitales no son adecuados y optan por la cirugía. Usando la biomedicina para “reparar” partes normales del cuerpo a fin de estar de moda con la feminidad deseable, libera a la medicina de sus rígidos fundamentos científicos dejándola expuesta como una actividad cada vez más cultural y comercial.

En Occident, un idéal particulier est apparu en ce qui concerne les organes génitaux féminins. Cet idéal est celui d'une absence, une « fente propre » qui peut être obtenue grâce à l'élimination des poils pubiens et de plus en plus souvent à la chirurgie esthétique. Il est en grande partie créé par les médias qui génèrent des messages contradictoires pour les femmes. La presse populaire, soutenue par les points de vue médicaux, reconnaît explicitement qu'une large gamme de changements d'apparence des organes génitaux féminins est normale – l'apparence des organes génitaux féminins est au moins aussi changeante que les flocons de neige – mais en ne montrant à son public que des « fentes propres » transformées et minimalistes, elle véhicule un message implicite selon lequel les femmes devraient s'inquiéter d'avoir des organes génitaux ne correspondant pas exactement à cet idéal. En conséquence, certaines femmes ne sont pas satisfaites de l'apparence de leurs organes génitaux et ont recours à la chirurgie. L'utilisation de la biomédecine pour « corriger » certaines parties normales du corps dans le but de façonner la féminité désirable, libère la médecine de ses fondements scientifiques rigides – qui ainsi, se révèle de plus en plus en tant qu'activité culturelle et commerciale.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Kirsten Bell, Greg Downey, Alexander Edmonds, Victoria Loblay and Lisa Wynn for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Also thank you to my reviewers for their constructive suggestions. Above all, I would like to thank the surgeons and beauticians who gave me their time, thereby making this research possible.

Notes

1. From Skintight: an anatomy of cosmetic surgery, by Meredith Jones (Citation2008), in which the author describes how, in the West, we are constantly expected to improve ourselves, often through technological means.

2. This aesthetic echoes that associated with infibulation as practiced in the Horn of Africa. See Boddy (Citation2007).

3. See Dodson (Citation1996), Karras (Citation2003) and CitationMcCartney (n.d.).

4. See Braun (Citation2009) for more on choice, agency and ethics.

5. The ethics of FGCS is increasingly coming under scrutiny because of comparisons with female genital cutting.

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