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Article

‘They were about to take out their guns on us’: accessing rural Afar communities in Ethiopia with HIV-related interventions

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Pages S338-S350 | Received 31 Jul 2012, Accepted 02 Mar 2013, Published online: 10 May 2013
 

Abstract

Although pastoralists are a significant proportion of the rural population in many African countries, they are often underserved with regard to health-related interventions. This paper presents data on an effort to provide information about HIV prevention and treatment to Afar people living in remote, northeastern Ethiopia. Using an evidence-based approach, we worked together with the National Network of Positive Women Ethiopians to build relations with Afar communities to design and test an intervention to improve HIV awareness. In this study we observed how multi-directional, local level perceptions – of Afar regarding HIV and existing health-related interventions, of staff from organisations regarding Afar and of the researchers conducting this study regarding Afar – shape the ways in which health-related interventions are offered to Afar and how these are understood by them. While the Afar people express a desire for culturally appropriate HIV-related interventions, few such initiatives have reached them to date. Organisations working in the area often believed that Afar people did not want to accept HIV and were therefore not responsive to their interventions. We argue that the specific history of the Afar people and how this affects their understanding of HIV needs to be better understood and integrated into HIV interventions.

Aunque en muchos países africanos la comunidad pastoral representa una parte importante de la población rural, suele recibir poca atención en cuanto a programas de salud. En este artículo presentamos datos para facilitar información sobre la prevención y el tratamiento del sida en el pueblo afar que vive en zonas remotas del nordeste de Etiopía. Mediante un enfoque basado en evidencias, trabajamos conjuntamente con la Red Nacional de Mujeres Positivas de Etiopía (NNPWE) para fomentar las relaciones con las comunidades afar a fin de diseñar y probar un programa para mejorar el conocimiento del VIH. En nuestro estudio observamos cómo las percepciones multidireccionales de ámbito local, en lo que respecta al modo en que el pueblo afar entiende el VIH y los programas de salud existentes, las percepciones del personal de organizaciones sobre los afar, y las percepciones de los investigadores que llevan a cabo este estudio sobre los afar, determinan la forma en que se ofrecen programas de salud al pueblo afar y cómo ellos lo entienden. Aunque el pueblo afar muestra interés por programas de sida apropiados para su cultura, hasta ahora solo se han llegado a materializar pocas iniciativas de este tipo. Las organizaciones que trabajan en este campo creían que el pueblo afar no quería aceptar la existencia del VIH y, por tanto, no respondía a los programas recibidos. Sostenemos que es necesario entender mejor la historia específica del pueblo afar y cómo esto afecta a sus conocimientos sobre el VIH para poder incorporar estos conocimientos en los programas contra el sida.

Bien que les pasteurs constituent une proportion significative de la population rurale dans de nombreux pays d'Afrique, ils bénéficient rarement des interventions de santé. Cet article présente les résultats d'une campagne d'information sur la prévention et le traitement du VIH ciblant les Afars qui vivent dans les zones reculées du Nord Est de l'Éthiopie. Dans une approche basée sur des preuves, nous avons collaboré avec le Réseau national des femmes séropositives en Éthiopie (NNPWE) pour établir des rapports avec des communautés afars dans le but de concevoir et de tester une intervention visant à améliorer la sensibilisation au VIH. Ainsi avons-nous observé comment les perceptions multidirectionnelles, au plan local – celles des Afars sur le VIH et les interventions de santé existantes, celles du personnel des associations sur les Afars et celles des chercheurs (impliqués dans ces travaux) sur les Afars – déterminent comment les interventions de santé sont dispensées aux Afars et comment ceux-ci les comprennent. Alors que les Afars expriment le souhait de pouvoir bénéficier d'interventions sur le VIH qui soient sensibles à leur culture, à ce jour, peu d'initiatives de ce type les ont atteints. Les associations ayant des activités dans ces régions étaient souvent persuadées que les Afars rejetaient toute évocation du VIH et par conséquent peu réceptifs à leurs interventions. Nous considérons que l'histoire particulière des Afars et la manière selon laquelle elle impacte leur compréhension du VIH doivent être mieux comprises et intégrées aux interventions sur le VIH.

Notes

1. Because not all pastoralist groups are the same, it is important to determine specific cultural-embedded beliefs and practices within a group that may make them vulnerable to HIV. For example, among the Maasai people, practices might include polygamous marriage as a norm, early sexual debut for women, high levels of sexual networking within and outside of marriage and non-consensual sex as ‘commonplace’ (Coast 2002, as cited in Morton Citation2006). By contrast, although the Fulani peoples from Nigeria allow polygamy, as Muslims they seem to have more negative attitudes towards extra- and pre-marital sex than do the Maasai (Habib and Jumare 2008).

2. Ethiopian imports and international trade has been largely dependent on the port of Djibouti since Ethiopia lost access to the port in Assab, Eritrea, during the 1998–2000 war.

3. The study, entitled ‘Learning by doing: Enhancing treatment literacy and addressing sexual and reproductive health of people living with HIV in Eastern Africa’, was supported by Aids Fonds (project number 2007057) and the University of Amsterdam.

4. Throughout the article names have been changed to protect the identity of research participants, except in a few cases where participants asked us to use their own names.

5. Term used by the respondents to refer to all non-Afar people.

6. A kebele is a small administrative unit in Ethiopia.

7. Most probably this person was referring to radio programmes that were broadcasted in the Afar language.

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