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Original Articles

Unitarian ideals and professional diversity in social work practice—the case of Sweden

Socialt arbete: mellan homogena ideal och professionell splittring—exemplet Sverige

Pages 55-72 | Published online: 22 Feb 2007
 

Abstract

Attempts to articulate a common core of social work are numerous as is the claim that there exists a ‘true’ or general social work. This article presents results from research on the organisational settings of Swedish social work. Social work managers in 100 middle sized municipalities have been interviewed by means of an extensive interview manual. Data are analysed using quantitative methods. The results demonstrate that since the 1980s specialisation has become the strongest organisational trend. Functional specialisation (division of child welfare, social assistance and social work with substance abusers) is the standard way of organising social work and in many municipalities specialisation has gone much further. An integrated or generic organisational model, which was the imperative of the 1970s, seems to exist only in the smallest municipalities. Some of the organisational changes can be described as short-lived fashions. Specialisation as such seems, however, to be an institutionalised strategy to solve social problems and as a response to expectations from the environment. These results are discussed against the background of the notion of social work as a coherent profession with an identifiable common core and a mutual arsenal of methods.

I litteraturen går det återfinna en serie olika försök identifiera en gemensam sammanhållen kärna för det sociala arbetets praktik, liksom föreställningar om att det existerar ett ‘äkta’, generellt socialt arbete som går att använda i alla situationer. I den här artikeln presenteras resultat från forskning om det sociala arbetets organisering i Sverige. Chefer på mellannivå i 100 medelstora svenska kommuner har intervjuats med hjälp av omfattande strukturerade formulär. Data har analyserats med kvantitativa metoder. Resultaten visar att sedan 1980-talet är specialisering den starkaste organisatoriska trenden. Funktionell specialisering (uppdelning av barnavård, socialbidragshantering och socialt arbete med missbrukare) är det dominerande sättet att organisera socialt arbete, och i många kommuner har specialiseringen gått ännu längre. Ett integrerat arbetssätt—som var 1970-talets imperativ—förekommer bara i de minsta kommunerna. En del av de organisatoriska förändringar som identifieras i studien kan beskrivas som kortvariga organisatoriska moden. Men specialiseringen som sådan kan snarast betraktas som en institutionaliserad strategi för att hantera sociala problem och förväntningar från omgivningen. Resultaten från undersökningen diskuteras utifrån föreställningar om en sammanhållen profession med en gemensam teoretisk kärna och en enhetlig metodarsenal.

Notes

1. These categories are in all essentials extracted from the data in our study.

2. In essence, these models do in Sweden, as in most other western European countries, represent a separation of policy and production in order to facilitate private entrepreneurship. Generally, the introduction of market mechanisms has been described as more widespread in Sweden than in the other Nordic countries, but more restrained than in other European countries, such as the UK (Palme et al., Citation2003).

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